Keirin (競輪 / ケイリン, [keːɾiɴ])[1] – literally "racing cycle" – is a form of motor-paced cycle racing in which track cyclists sprint for victory following a speed-controlled start behind a motorized or non-motorized pacer. It was developed in Japan around 1948 for gambling purposes and became an official event at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
 Keirin in Colwood, British Columbia, July 2006 | |
| Highest governing body | Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and JKA Foundation (Japanese regulating body) |
|---|---|
| Year originated | 1948 in Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | Track cycling |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024 |
Riders use brakeless fixed-gear bicycles. Races are typically 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) long: 6 laps on a 250 m (270 yd) track, 4 laps on a 333 m (364 yd) track, or 4 laps on a 400 m (440 yd) track. Lots are drawn to determine starting positions for the sprint riders behind the pacer, which is usually a motorcycle, but can be a derny, electric bicycle or tandem bicycle. Riders must remain behind the pacer for 3 laps on a 250 m (270 yd) track. The pacer starts at 30 km/h (19 mph), gradually increasing to 50 km/h (31 mph) by its final circuit. The pacer leaves the track 750 m (820 yd) before the end of the race (3 laps on a 250 m (270 yd) track). The winner's finishing speed can exceed 70 km/h (43 mph).
Competition keirin races are conducted over several rounds with one final. Some eliminated cyclists can try again in the repechages.
World championships
editKeirin, in its modified form, has been a UCI men's World Championship event since 1980 and a UCI women's World Championship event since 2002. Danny Clark of Australia and Li Na of China were the first UCI world champions. The 2019 men's and women's world champions are Matthijs Büchli of Netherlands and Lee Wai Sze of Hong Kong.
Olympics
editKeirin made its debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney[2] as a men's event, after being admitted into the Olympics in December 1996.[3] The women's event was added for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
A BBC News investigation, reported in July 2008, found evidence that following admission into the Olympics, the Union Cycliste Internationale required (in writing) the Japan Keirin Association to support UCI projects in "material terms"; over a period of time the association subsequently gave US$3 million to UCI in consideration of "the excellent relationship the UCI has with representatives of the Olympic movement". The UCI and its then-president, Hein Verbruggen, denied any wrongdoing.[3]
At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, the Men's keirin took place on 7 and 8 August 2021, with 30 cyclists from 18 nations competing, and the gold medal going to Jason Kenny from Great Britain. The Women's keirin took place on 4 and 5 August 2021, with 29 cyclists from 18 nations competing, and the gold medal going to Shanne Braspennincx from The Netherlands.
- Men
| Olympics | Men's Champion |
|---|---|
| 2000 |  Florian Rousseau (FRA)
|
| 2004 |  Ryan Bayley (AUS)
|
| 2008 |  Chris Hoy (GBR)
|
| 2012 | Chris Hoy (GBR)
|
| 2016 | Jason Kenny (GBR)
|
| 2020 | Jason Kenny (GBR)
|
| 2024 |  Harrie Lavreysen (NED)
|
- Women
| Olympics | Women's Champion |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Victoria Pendleton (GBR)
|
| 2016 | Elis Ligtlee (NED)
|
| 2020 | Shanne Braspennincx (NED)
|
| 2024 |  Ellesse Andrews (NZL)
|
Keirin in Japan
edit
Track cycling began as one of four allowed betting sports in Japan in 1948,[4] and has since become very popular there. In 1957, the Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai (NJS; Japan Bicycle Association) was founded to establish a uniform system of standards for the sport in Japan. Today keirin racing is regulated by the JKA Foundation. In 2011, the sum of bets placed on keirin races exceeded ¥600 billion (approximately US$5 billion), and the number of attendees in the races was approximately 4.9 million people.[5]
Aspiring professional keirin riders in Japan compete for entrance into the Japan Keirin School. The 10 percent of applicants who are accepted then undergo a strict 15-hours-per-day training regimen.[6] Those who pass final examination must still be approved by the Japan Keirin Association[7] before being allowed to compete.
Japanese races for women were reintroduced in July 2012, under the title of "Girls Keirin" (ガールズケイリン). Women were previously permitted to participate from 1949 until 1964. Like the men, the women must also undergo a strict training regimen at the Keirin School.
Champions from Japan
editKoichi Nakano (中野 浩一, Nakano Kōichi) was one of the first Japanese keirin athletes to compete outside of his native country, Nakano holds the best matched sprint record as a track cyclist at the UCI Track World Championships with a record of ten consecutive professional Sprint World Track Cycling Championship wins from 1977 to 1986 against mostly western European pro track cyclists, although he never won the Keirin World Championship. At that time, many leading sprint riders were from the Eastern bloc countries and competed in separate "amateur" events.
Katsuaki Matsumoto (1928-2021) is the all-time professional keirin athlete with the most wins - 1341 - over his career (he retired in 1981 at the age of 53).
Typical race
editKeirin races in Japan begin with the cyclists parading to the starting blocks, bowing as they enter the track and again as they position their bikes for the start of the race. Every participant is assigned a number and a colour for identification and betting purposes.
At the sound of the gun, the cyclists leave their starting blocks and settle into a position behind the pacer, who is another keirin bicyclist wearing purple with orange stripes. Cyclists initially settle into different groups, referred to as "lines", where they try to work together with others to maximize their chance of winning.[8]
As the pace quickens, the pacer will usually depart the track with between one and two laps remaining, though the actual location where the pacer leaves varies with every race. With 1+1⁄2 laps remaining, officials begin sounding a bell or gong, increasing in frequency until the bicyclists come around to begin the final lap.
Keirin ovals are divided into specific areas: The two straightaways (homestretch and backstretch), the four turns (corners), and two locations called the "centre", referring to the area between corners 1 and 2 (1 centre) and corners 3 and 4 (2 centre).
The race is monitored by referees. Two of the referees are stationed in towers along the backstretch (2nd and 3rd corners), while others review the homestretch area from a control room using closed-circuit cameras.[9] Once the race has finished, a referee can signal a possible rule violation by illuminating a red light at the corner nearest to where the infraction may have occurred, or by waving a red flag.[9] Judges then examine the video of the race and decide if a competitor committed a rules violation and should be disqualified. Once the order of finish is finalised, the race is declared official and the winning bets are paid.
Ranks
editThere are a total of six ranks that competitors can obtain in Japanese keirin racing. SS is the highest rank, followed by S1, S2, A1, A2 and A3. All new keirin graduates begin their careers with an A3 rank and work their way up by competing in keirin events.
The color of the shorts worn by each keirin competitor indicates rank. Those in A-class (A1, A2, A3) wear black shorts with a green stripe and white stars. S-class competitors (S1 and S2) wear a red stripe instead of a green stripe. Those in the elite SS class wear red shorts with a black stripe, white stars and special insignia. Introduced in 2007, the SS ranking is assigned by the NJS every December to the top nine Keirin athletes.[10] These nine compete in that year's Keirin Grand Prix and retain their rank until the following December.
Distances
editThe distance of each race depends on gender and rank. For men, distances for those ranked A3 are at 1,600 meters, while all others compete at 2,000 meters. The finals of some of the top graded events are run at a longer distance of 2,400 meters. The season-ending Keirin Grand Prix is held at 2,800 meters.
All events for women are currently run at 1,600 meters. There are usually small variances in distance based on the size of the track.
Race grades
editA race meeting at any given keirin velodrome in Japan is assigned a grade. The highest graded events are GP, GI (G1), GII (G2) and GIII (G3), reserved only for S-class riders. Underneath those are FI (F1) events, which are open to both S-class and A-class riders. The lowest graded events, FII (F2), are reserved for A-class riders.
The GP grade designation is reserved for the Keirin Grand Prix, a three-day meet held at the end of December for the year's top keirin competitors. The meet ultimately concludes with the Grand Prix race itself, which determines the annual Keirin racing champion.
As of 2018, a selection committee determines the competitors for the Grand Prix race using the following priority:[11]
- Winners of each of the six GI events during the year,
- Japanese medal winners of individual cycling events during the Summer Olympic Games, or in non-Olympic years, the UCI Track Cycling World Championships,
- Competitors specifically recognized by the selection committee, and
- Competitors that have earned the most prize money from Keirin events during the year.
Also part of the Grand Prix meet is the Young Grand Prix, which is open to the best of those that have begun competing in Keirin within the last three years; it is the only Keirin race of the year in which both S-class and A-class compete in the same race. A new addition to the meet in 2012 was the Girls' Grand Prix for the sport's top female competitors.
Another prestigious event on the annual keirin racing calendar is the GI Japan Championship. Held every May over a period of six days, it is the longest single race meeting of the year.
Each of the keirin velodromes are generally permitted to host one event per year of either GI, GII or GIII designation. The remaining events at each track consist of a combination of FI and FII races for a total of approximately 70 race days per year. On average there is one GI or GII event every month and one GIII meeting per week on the annual calendar.
Top Keirin events
editAs of 2024, the top events on the Keirin racing calendar are as follows:
※＝Girls Keirin
| Month | Grade | Event |
|---|---|---|
| February | GI | Yomiuri News Cup All-Japan Selection (読売新聞社杯全日本選抜競輪) |
| March | GII | Winners Cup (ウィナーズカップ) |
| April | GI | All-Girls' Classic※ (オールガールズクラシック) |
| May | GI | Japan Championship Keirin (日本選手権競輪) |
| June | GI | Prince Takamatsu Memorial Cup (高松宮記念杯競輪) |
| GI | Pearl Cup※ (パールカップ) | |
| July | GII | Summer Night Festival (サマーナイトフェスティバル) |
| August | GI | All-Star Keirin (オールスター競輪) |
| GI（only2024:FII） | Women's All-Star Keirin※ (女子オールスター競輪) | |
| September | GII | Kyodo News Cup (共同通信社杯競輪) |
| October | GI | Prince Tomohito Cup/World Championship Tournament (寛仁親王牌・世界選手権記念トーナメント) |
| November | GI | Asahi News Cup Keirin Festival (朝日新聞社杯競輪祭) |
| November | GI | Keirin Festival Women's Championship※ (競輪祭女子王座戦) |
| December | GP | Keirin Grand Prix (KEIRINグランプリ) |
| GII | Young Grand Prix (ヤンググランプリ) | |
| GP | Odds Park Cup Girl's Grand Prix※ (オッズパーク杯ガールズグランプリ) |
Race schedule
editKeirin velodromes follow the same basic schedule of races when conducting a race meeting. On the first day of competition, the better keirin competitors are assigned to races of higher caliber, while others are assigned to low-caliber races. Keirin racers are guaranteed to compete on each day of the meeting unless they are disqualified from a race or retire from the meet for any reason - in which case alternate competitors are called up to fill in the lower-caliber races.
Below is a schedule of races conducted during a typical three-day FI event (open to both S-class and A-class riders).[12]
Day 1
edit- Races 1–5: A-class Preliminary (A級 予選, A-kyū yosen) (low caliber)
- First four or five finishers in each race advance to Day 2 Semifinals
- Race 6: A-class Special (A級 特選, A-kyū tokusen) (high caliber)
- All riders compete in Day 2 Semifinals
After six races, S-class riders compete:
- Races 7–10: S-class Preliminary (S級 予選, S-kyū yosen)
- First three or four finishers in each race advance to Day 2 Semifinals
- Race 11: S-class Special (S級 特選, S-kyū tokusen)
- All riders compete in Day 2 Semifinals
Day 2
edit- Races 1–2: A-class General (A級 一般, A-kyū ippan)
- First two finishers in each race advance to Day 3 Special
- Race 3: A-class Selection (A級 選抜, A-kyū senbatsu)
- First five finishers advance to Day 3 Special
- Races 4–6: A-class Semifinals (A級 準決勝, A-kyū junkesshō)
- First three finishers in each race advance to Day 3 Final
S-class riders then compete to advance:
- Races 7–8: S-class General (S級 一般, S-kyū ippan)
- First one or two finishers in each race advance to Day 3 Special
- Races 9–11: S-class Semifinals (S級 準決勝, S-kyū junkesshō)
- First three finishers in each race advance to Day 3 Final
Day 3
edit- Races 1–2: A-class General (A級 一般, A-kyū ippan)
- Races 3–5: A-class Special (A級 特選, A-kyū tokusen)
- Races 6–7: S-class General (S級 一般, S-kyū ippan)
- Race 8: S-class Special (S級 特選, S-kyū tokusen)
- Race 9: A-class Final (A級 決勝, A-kyū kesshō)
- Race 10: S-class Special (S級 特選, S-kyū tokusen)
- Race 11: S-class Final (S級 決勝, S-kyū kesshō)
Betting
editBets that can be made on Keirin races include, but are not limited to:
- Exacta (２車単, nishatan) – selecting the first two finishers in exact order
- Quinella (２車複, nishafuku) – first two finishers in any order
- Trifecta (３連単, sanrentan) – first three finishers in exact order
- Trio (３連複, sanrenpuku) – first three finishers in any order
- Quinella Place, or wide (ワイド, waido) - selecting two to finish in the top three, in any order.
Some wagers cannot be placed if there is a small number of competitors in the race.
During major race meets, some jackpot wagers are offered:
- Dokanto! 4 two[13] – selecting the first and second-place finisher in each of the last four races of the day.
- Dokanto! 7[14] – selecting the winner of each of the last seven races of the day.
The money bet into the Dokanto wagers can carry over if there are no winning tickets, even to subsequent race meets at another velodrome in the country.
In extraordinary circumstances, races have been declared no-contests, forcing velodromes to refund millions of yen in bets. Such results are generally known as a failure (不成立, fuseiritsu). A race at Shizuoka velodrome on 2 January 2008 was declared a failure when the back wheel of the pacer's bicycle nicked the bicycle of an actual competitor, causing him to fall.[15] In a race at Iwaki-Taira Velodrome on 14 December 2008, separate infractions resulted in the disqualification of the entire field; all but one of the competitors were handed a one-year suspension by the velodrome after the race.[16][17] The suspensions were lifted four months later.
Equipment
edit
As a result of the parimutuel gambling that surrounds keirin racing in Japan, The Nihon Jitensha Shinkōkai (Japanese Bicycle Association or NJS)— now under the JKA Foundation— developed a strict system of standards for bicycles and tools to ensure that no rider will have any advantage based on equipment. All components must be made using NJS-approved materials and techniques, and the frames themselves must be handmade by an NJS-certified builder. For example, the bicycles frames used in Japanese Keirin races must be made from chromoly steel using traditional techniques like brazing, and wheels must have exactly 36 spokes per wheel.
Popular frame manufacturers include Nagasawa, 3Rensho, Makino, Kalavinka, Level, Bridgestone, Panasonic, and Samson. Other components come from Japanese manufacturers like Shimano, Nitto, Hatta, MKS, Kashimax, and Sugino.[citation needed] Because the primary goal of the NJS is to support the Japanese manufacturing industry, its bureaucracy is typically resistant to the certification of foreign manufacturers' components. The few exceptions to this are Italian cycling equipment manufacturers Campagnolo and Cinelli, which received NJS certification for some components.[18]
Exceptions to these rules include Girls' Keirin and Keirin Evolution. Girls' Keirin allows for a limited set of non-NJS tires, stems, saddles, and carbon-fiber frames and wheels.[19] Manufacturers of the frames used in Girls' Keirin are Boma, Bridgestone, Gan Well, Kalavinka, Bomber, and MBK.[19] Keirin Evolution participants may use any frames or components approved by the NJS, UCI, or JCF.[20] NJS-approved equipment is not required for keirin races sanctioned by the UCI or its local national sporting associations, including UCI-sanctioned races in Japan.
The NJS standard does not necessarily relate to quality or standard of manufacture, though NJS-approved equipment often sells for more than comparable equipment because of its niche use, strict build requirements, and finite availability.[21][18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ In Japan, kanji 競輪 generally means the original Japanese Keirin, while katakana ケイリン is often used for the modified international version of the sport.
- ^ "Cycling Track Equipment and History". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Cycling cash linked to Olympics". BBC News. 27 July 2008.
- ^ Falkingham, Katie (15 April 2020). "Keirin School: Inside the strict and secret world of bicycle racing". BBC Sport.
- ^ 競輪を巡る最近の状況について (PDF) (in Japanese). Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
- ^ "Keirin School: Inside the strict and secret world of bicycle racing in Japan". BBC Sport.
- ^ "History of Keirin Racing". Keirin Cycle Culture. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ "Review the Lines". keirin.jp. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ a b "走路審判員の執務体制の変更について". keirin.jp (in Japanese). 10 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "Cyclists" (in Japanese). Keirin.jp. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "『KEIRINグランプリ2018【GP】』出場予定選手の決定について". ctc.gr.jp (in Japanese). 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "平成24年7月（平成24年6月30日節初日）からFI開催のレース数が変更となります" (in Japanese). keirin.jp. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Dokanto! 4 two（ドカント フォートゥー）とは?". keirin.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Dokanto! 7 （ドカント セブン）とは?". keirin.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Race Results: Shizuoka - Race 9 - January 2, 2008". keirin.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ "Race Results: Iwaki-Taira - Race 10 - December 14, 2008". keirin.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ いわき平競輪で９人全員失格... 前代未聞の珍事ナゼ？. zakzak.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ a b Fritz, Yokota (21 November 2006). "NJS: Nihon Jitensha Sinkokai". Cyclelicio.us. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ a b "Girls' Keirin Equipment". Archived from the original on 5 October 2015.
- ^ "Keirin Evolution outline".
- ^ Gordan Wilson, David (1 April 2004). Bicycling Science. The MIT Press; 3 edition. ISBN 978-0-262-73154-6.
External links
edit
- Keirin's official website in Japan (in Japanese)