Ressurreição

Ressurreição ou anastase (em latim: resurrectio, em grego: anastasis) é o conceito de voltar à vida após a morte. Em várias religiões um deus de vida, morte e ressurreição é uma divindade que morre e ressuscita.

A ressurreição dos mortos é uma crença escatológica padrão nas religiões abraâmicas. Como conceito religioso, é usado em dois aspectos distintos: uma crença na ressurreição de almas individuais que é atual e contínua (idealismo cristão, escatologia realizada) ou então uma crença em uma ressurreição singular dos mortos no fim dos tempos. Alguns acreditam que a alma é o veículo real pelo qual as pessoas são ressuscitadas.^[1]

A morte e ressurreição de Jesus é um aspecto central do Cristianismo. O debate teológico cristão ocorre em relação ao tipo de ressurreição factual - uma ressurreição espiritual com um corpo espiritual no Céu, ou uma ressurreição material com um corpo humano restaurado.^[2] Enquanto a maioria dos cristãos acredita que a ressurreição de Jesus e a ascensão ao céu aconteceram em um corpo material, uma minoria acredita que foi espiritual.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Cristianismo

Matthias Grünewald: A ressurreição de Cristo, Altar de Isenheim.

A ressurreição é considerada por muitos teólogos como base para o cristianismo, já que Jesus, segundo a Bíblia, ressuscitou pessoas . Entre os relatos mais conhecidos está a ressurreição de Lázaro, que teria voltado à vida após quatro dias de sua morte. O Novo Testamento relata também o caso da filha de Jairo, um dos milagres de Jesus.

Além disso no livro do Apocalipse nas Escrituras Sagradas, faz referência à ressurreição dos mortos para o julgamento de todos os seres viventes, por Deus no dia do Juízo Final.^[6]^[7]

No seio do povo hebreu, a palavra correlata designava diversos fenômenos que eram confundidos na mentalidade da época. O seu significado literal é voltar à vida; assim, o ato de uma pessoa considerada morta, voltar a viver novamente, era chamado ressurreição. Segundo Atos dos Apóstolos 24:15, no futuro novo mundo, "haverá uma ressurreição tanto de justos como de injustos". Jesus Cristo quando esteve na terra segundo relatado no livro de Lucas 7:11-15, O filho da viúva de Naim, Lucas 8:41,42, 49-65, a filha de Jairo e João 11:1-44 a ressurreição de Lázaro, demonstrou como isso será possível. Ele trouxe de volta à vida essas pessoas, por causa do seu imenso amor e dó por ver o sofrimento daqueles que perdem seus entes queridos na morte.Em 1 Corintios 15:26 "E o último inimigo a ser reduzido a nada é a morte."^[^{carece de fontes?]}

Ressurreição cerebral parcial

Pesquisadores da Universidade de Yale publicaram na revista Nature que conseguiram reviver parcialmente os cérebros de porcos por várias horas após a morte dos animais ligando-os por seis horas a um sistema chamado BrainEx, que bombeava para os cérebros oxigênio, nutrientes e produtos químicos protetores. Entretanto, não houve sinal de coordenação elétrica que indicasse o restabelecimento de funções como percepção e inteligência. “Não é um cérebro vivo, mas é um cérebro com atividade celular. Nós queríamos testar se as células em um cérebro intacto podem ter suas funções recuperadas”, explicou Nenad Sestan, neurocientista que liderou os estudos, em entrevista ao jornal americano The New York Times.^[8]

Referências

↑ «Gregory of Nyssa: "On the Soul and the Resurrection:" However far from each other their natural propensity and their inherent forces of repulsion urge them, and debar each from mingling with its opposite, none the less will the soul be near each by its power of recognition, and will persistently cling to the familiar atoms, until their concourse after this division again takes place in the same way, for that fresh formation of the dissolved body which will properly be, and be called, resurrection». Ccel.org
↑ As in the Apostle's Creed: "I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting." Catholic Encyclopedia: General Resurrection: "Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) teaches that all men, whether elect or reprobate, "will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear about with them" (chapter "Firmiter"). In the language of the creeds and professions of faith this return to life is called resurrection of the body (resurrectio carnis, resurrectio mortuoram, anastasis ton nekron) for a double reason: first, since the soul cannot die, it cannot be said to return to life; second the heretical contention of Hymeneus and Philitus that the Scriptures denote by resurrection not the return to life of the body, but the rising of the soul from the death of sin to the life of grace, must be excluded."
↑ Symes. «According to Paul of Tarsus, the resurrection transformed Jesus into the Christ, the Son of God and Savior of the world. Christ's resurrected body was not a resuscitated physical body, but a new body of a spiritual/celestial nature: the natural body comes first and then the spiritual body (1 Cor. 15:46). Paul never says that the earthly body becomes immortal.». religioustolerance.org |nome3= sem |sobrenome3= em Authors list (ajuda)
↑ The Watchtower Society claims that Jesus was not raised in His actual physical human body, but rather was raised as an invisible spirit being—what He was before, the archangel Michael. They believe that Christ's post-Resurrection appearances on earth were on-the-spot manifestations and materializations of flesh and bones, with different forms, that the Apostles did not immediately recognize. Their explanation for the statement "a spirit hath not flesh and bones" is that Christ was saying that he was not a ghostly apparition, but a true materialization in flesh, to be seen and touched, as proof that he was actually raised. But that, in fact, the risen Christ was, in actuality, a divine spirit being, who made himself visible and invisible at will. The Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses believes that Christ’s perfect manhood was forever sacrificed at Calvary, and that it was not actually taken back. They state: "...in his resurrection he ‘became a life-giving spirit.’ That was why for most of the time he was invisible to his faithful apostles... He needs no human body any longer... The human body of flesh, which Jesus Christ laid down forever as a ransom sacrifice, was disposed of by God’s power."—Things in Which it is Impossible for God to Lie, pages 332, 354.
↑ «Resurrection Theories». Gospel-mysteries.net
↑ Ecclesia. «Sobre a Ressurreição de Cristo, segundo São Marcos». Consultado em 1 de dezembro de 2012
↑ GOMES, C. Folch (1979). Antologia dos Santos Padres. [S.l.]: Paulinas. ISBN 8505002156
↑ «Cientistas conseguem ressuscitar células do cérebro de porcos mortos». revistagalileu.globo.com. Consultado em 15 de julho de 2019

Bibliografia

Alan J. Avery-Peck & Jacob Neusner (eds.). Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Death, Life-After-Death, Resurrection, and the World-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Caroline Walker Bynum. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200-1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
C.D. Elledge. Resurrection of the Dead in Early Judaism, 200 BCE -- CE 200. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Dag Øistein Endsjø. Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Mark T. Finney. Resurrection, Hell and the Afterlife: Body and Soul in Antiquity, Judaism and Early Christianity. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov. Philosophy of Physical Resurrection 1906.
Edwin Hatch. Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages Upon the Christian Church (1888 Hibbert Lectures).
Father Alfred J. Hebert, S.M. Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles^[1].
Dierk Lange. "The dying and the rising God in the New Year Festival of Ife", in: Lange, Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach: Röll Vlg. 2004, pp. 343–376.
Outi Lehtipuu. Debates over the Resurrection of the Dead: Constructing Early Christian Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Richard Longenecker, editor. Life in the Face of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Joseph McCabe. Myth of the Resurrection and Other Essays, Prometheus books: New York, 1993 [1925]
Kevin J. Madigan & Jon D. Levenson. Resurrection: The Power of God for Christians and Jews. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
Tryggve Mettinger. The Riddle of Resurrection: "Dying and Rising Gods" in the Ancient Near East, Stockholm: Almqvist, 2001.
Markus Mühling. Grundinformation Eschatologie. Systematische Theologie aus der Perspektive der Hoffnung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007.
George Nickelsburg. Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestmental Judaism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Pheme Perkins. Resurrection: New Testament Witness and Contemporary Reflection. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1984.
Simcha Paull Raphael. Jewish Views of the Afterlife. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
Erwin Rohde Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks. New York: Harper & Row, 1925 [1921].
Charles H. Talbert. "The Concept of Immortals in Mediterranean Antiquity", Journal of Biblical Literature, Volume 94, 1975, pp 419–436.
Charles H. Talbert. "The Myth of a Descending-Ascending Redeemer in Mediterranean Antiquity", New Testament Studies, Volume 22, 1975/76, pp 418–440.
Frank J. Tipler (1994). The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead. Doubleday. my house: [s.n.] ISBN 0-19-851949-4
N.T. Wright (2003). The Resurrection of the Son of God. London: SPCK; Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Ligações externas

Wikiquote

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Notas

↑ Hebert, Albert J. (15 de outubro de 2004). Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles (em inglês). [S.l.]: Tan Books

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[1] «Gregory of Nyssa: "On the Soul and the Resurrection:" However far from each other their natural propensity and their inherent forces of repulsion urge them, and debar each from mingling with its opposite, none the less will the soul be near each by its power of recognition, and will persistently cling to the familiar atoms, until their concourse after this division again takes place in the same way, for that fresh formation of the dissolved body which will properly be, and be called, resurrection». Ccel.org

[2] As in the Apostle's Creed: "I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting." Catholic Encyclopedia: General Resurrection: "Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) teaches that all men, whether elect or reprobate, "will rise again with their own bodies which they now bear about with them" (chapter "Firmiter"). In the language of the creeds and professions of faith this return to life is called resurrection of the body (resurrectio carnis, resurrectio mortuoram, anastasis ton nekron) for a double reason: first, since the soul cannot die, it cannot be said to return to life; second the heretical contention of Hymeneus and Philitus that the Scriptures denote by resurrection not the return to life of the body, but the rising of the soul from the death of sin to the life of grace, must be excluded."

[3] Symes. «According to Paul of Tarsus, the resurrection transformed Jesus into the Christ, the Son of God and Savior of the world. Christ's resurrected body was not a resuscitated physical body, but a new body of a spiritual/celestial nature: the natural body comes first and then the spiritual body (1 Cor. 15:46). Paul never says that the earthly body becomes immortal.». religioustolerance.org |nome3= sem |sobrenome3= em Authors list (ajuda)

[4] The Watchtower Society claims that Jesus was not raised in His actual physical human body, but rather was raised as an invisible spirit being—what He was before, the archangel Michael. They believe that Christ's post-Resurrection appearances on earth were on-the-spot manifestations and materializations of flesh and bones, with different forms, that the Apostles did not immediately recognize. Their explanation for the statement "a spirit hath not flesh and bones" is that Christ was saying that he was not a ghostly apparition, but a true materialization in flesh, to be seen and touched, as proof that he was actually raised. But that, in fact, the risen Christ was, in actuality, a divine spirit being, who made himself visible and invisible at will. The Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses believes that Christ’s perfect manhood was forever sacrificed at Calvary, and that it was not actually taken back. They state: "...in his resurrection he ‘became a life-giving spirit.’ That was why for most of the time he was invisible to his faithful apostles... He needs no human body any longer... The human body of flesh, which Jesus Christ laid down forever as a ransom sacrifice, was disposed of by God’s power."—Things in Which it is Impossible for God to Lie, pages 332, 354.

[5] «Resurrection Theories». Gospel-mysteries.net

[6] Ecclesia. «Sobre a Ressurreição de Cristo, segundo São Marcos». Consultado em 1 de dezembro de 2012

[7] GOMES, C. Folch (1979). Antologia dos Santos Padres. [S.l.]: Paulinas. ISBN 8505002156

[8] «Cientistas conseguem ressuscitar células do cérebro de porcos mortos». revistagalileu.globo.com. Consultado em 15 de julho de 2019

[9] Hebert, Albert J. (15 de outubro de 2004). Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles (em inglês). [S.l.]: Tan Books

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