Snottite, also snoticle, is a microbial mat of single-celled extremophilic bacteria which hang from the walls and ceilings of caves and are similar to small stalactites, but have the consistency of nasal mucus. In the Frasassi Caves in Italy, over 70% of cells in Snottite have been identified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, with smaller populations including an archaeon in the uncultivated 'G-plasma' clade of Thermoplasmatales (>15%) and a bacterium in the Acidimicrobiaceae family (>5%).[1]
The bacteria derive their energy from chemosynthesis of volcanic sulfur compounds including H2S and warm-water solution dripping down from above, producing sulfuric acid. Because of this, their waste products are highly acidic (approaching pH=0), with similar properties to battery acid.[2] Researchers at the University of Texas have suggested that this sulfuric acid may be a more significant cause of cave formation than the usual explanation offered of the carbonic acid formed from carbon dioxide dissolved in water.[3]
Snottites were brought to attention by researchers Diana Northup and Penny Boston studying them (and other organisms) in a toxic sulfur cave called Cueva de Villa Luz (Cave of the Lighted House), in Tabasco, Mexico. Snottites were first discovered in this cave by Jim Pisarowicz in 1986, who also coined the term.[4]
The BBC series Wonders of the Solar System saw Professor Brian Cox examining snottites and positing that if there is life on Mars, it may be similarly primitive and hidden beneath the surface of the Red Planet.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jones, DS; Albrecht, HL; Dawson, KS; Schaperdoth, I; Freeman, KH; Pi, Y; Pearson, A; Macalady, JL (2012). "Community genomic analysis of an extremely acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing biofilm". ISME J. 6 (1): 158–70. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.75. PMC 3246232. PMID 21716305.
- ^ "BBC Two - Wonders of the Solar System, Original Series". BBC Online. 4 Apr 2010.
- ^ Derasa, "Caves and snoticles", Earth-pages, Wiley-Blackwell, 1 May 2004.
- ^ Michael Ray Taylor, Dark Life: Martian Nanobacteria, Rock-eating Cave Bugs, and Other Extreme Organisms of Inner Earth and Outer Space, pp. 56–57, Simon and Schuster, 1999 ISBN 0684841916.
Additional sources
editHose L. D., Pisarowicz J. A. (1999) "Cueva de Villa Luz, Tabasco, Mexico: reconnaissance study of an active sulfur spring cave and ecosystem". J Cave Karst Studies; 61:13–21
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