ár
Faroese
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
Noun
editár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)
Declension
editn3 | singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
accusative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
dative | ári | árinum | árum | árunum |
genitive | árs | ársins | ára | áranna |
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).
Noun
editár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)
Declension
editHungarian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editBorrowed from a (likely Iranian) descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hargʰás (compare Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá, “worth, value”)), such as Alanic *arγa-.[1] In the past assumed to have been inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa which in turn would have been borrowed from Indo-Iranian, and thus cognate with Proto-Finnic *arvo (“worth, value”), but the Finnic word is more likely a parallel borrowing. Possibly also related to Erzya [script needed] (arśems).
Noun
editár (plural árak)
- price
- borsos ár ― an exorbitant price
- borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg
- (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)
Declension
editInflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árat | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | áraim |
2nd person sing. | árad | áraid |
3rd person sing. | ára | árai |
1st person plural | árunk | áraink |
2nd person plural | áratok | áraitok |
3rd person plural | áruk | áraik |
Derived terms
edit- árajánlat
- áralakulás
- árarány
- árbecslés
- árbevétel
- árcédula
- árcsökkenés, árcsökkentés
- árdrágítás, árdrágító
- árelemzés
- árellenőrzés
- áremelés, áremelkedés
- árengedmény
- áresés
- árérzékeny
- árfekvés
- árfelhajtás
- árfolyam
- árforma
- árhatóság
- árhivatal
- árindex
- árjegyzék
- árjelzés
- árkedvezmény
- árképzés
- árkülönbözet
- árlap
- árlejtés
- árleszállítás
- ármegállapítás
- ármegjelölés
- ármerevség
- árolló
- árpolitika
- árrendszer
- árrés
- árrobbanás
- árrögzítés
- ársapka
- árszabás
- árszámítás
- árszint
- árszínvonal
- ártámogatás
- árverés, árverez
- árvetés
- árviszonyok (plural)
- árzuhanás
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).[2]
Noun
editár (usually uncountable, plural árak)
Declension
editInflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).[3]
Noun
editár (plural árak)
- awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)
Declension
editInflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
editFrom German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).[4]
Noun
editár (plural árak)
- are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
editInflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Related terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “arvo”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-01
- ^ Entry #1747 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ Entry #676 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ ár in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
edit- ár in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
- (price): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (flood/flow): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (awl): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (are [unit of area]): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Anagrams
editIcelandic
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).[1]
Adverb
editár
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
Noun
editár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)
- year
- indefinite accusative singular of ár
- indefinite nominative plural of ár
- indefinite accusative plural of ár
Declension
editDerived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).[1]
Noun
editár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)
Declension
editDerived terms
edit- árabátur
- árinni kennir illur ræðari
- koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
- leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
- róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
- taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)
Etymology 4
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
editár f
- inflection of á (“river”):
References
editIrish
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.[1]
Pronunciation
editDeterminer
editár (triggers eclipsis)
- our
- ár dteach ― our house
- Ár nAthair ― Our Father
See also
editNumber | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
Third neuter | — | ea | — | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E |
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).[4]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editár m (genitive singular áir)
Declension
edit
|
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editBorrowed from French are, from Latin area.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)
- are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
edit
|
Mutation
editradical | eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
---|---|---|---|
ár | n-ár | hár | t-ár |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
edit- ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- ^ Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 16
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 86
- ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Further reading
edit- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ár”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ar (‘our’)”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36
- Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36
Mizo
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔaar. Cognates include Khumi Chin ae and Zou ah.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editár
Old Irish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρᾱ (ágrā, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”).
Noun
editár n (nominative plural ár or ára)
- slaughter, carnage
- defeat, destruction
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
- du ár
- glosses ad cedem
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113b4
- etarcnae áir mo namat
- glosses de cede hostium
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
Inflection
editNeuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Vocative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Accusative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Genitive | áirL | ár | árN |
Dative | árL | áraib, áirib | áraib, áirib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms
editDescendants
editMutation
editradical | lenition | nasalization |
---|---|---|
ár (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments) |
unchanged | n-ár |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
edit- Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Norse
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Norse *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara, “year; plenty”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year; plenty”). Cognate with Old English ġēar (English year), Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).
Noun
editár n (genitive árs, plural ár)
- a year
- plenty, abundance (especially of crops)
- Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:
- […] þvíat þá var bæði ár og friðr.
- […] since then there were both plenty and peace.
- (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛅ (a)
- Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:
Declension
editDerived terms
edit- árangr (“season”)
- áratal (“number of years”)
- áratala (“calculation of years”)
- árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
- árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
- árferð (“season”)
- árgallalauss (“fertile”)
- árgalli (“failure of crop”)
- árgangr (“year's course”)
- árguð (“Frey”)
- árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
- árliga (“yearly”)
- árligr (“annual, early”)
- ármaðr (“steward”)
- ármenning (“stewardship”)
- ársamr (“fertile”)
- árskyld (“yearly rent”)
- ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
- ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
- ártal (“reckoning by years”)
- ártekja (“yearly rent”)
- árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)
- árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)
- ár ok friðr (“plenty and peace”)
Descendants
edit- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian Nynorsk: år
- Russenorsk: aart
- Norwegian Bokmål: år
- Elfdalian: år
- Old Swedish: ār
- Swedish: år
- Old Danish: aar
- Danish: år
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).
Adverb
editár (not comparable)
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)
- Faroese: áður
- Norwegian Nynorsk: år
- Old Swedish: *ar
- ⇒ Old Norse: árla
References
editEtymology 3
editFrom Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.
Noun
editár f (genitive árar, plural árar)
Declension
editDescendants
edit- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian:
- Old Swedish: ār, āra
- Swedish: åra
- Danish: åre
- → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārr’j)[1]
Etymology 4
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
editár
References
edit- ár in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, R. Cleasby and G. Vigfússon, Clarendon Press, 1874, at Internet Archive.
- ár in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.
- ^ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- Faroese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Faroese/ɔaːɹ
- Rhymes:Faroese/ɔaːɹ/1 syllable
- Faroese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Faroese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yeh₁r-
- Faroese terms inherited from Old Norse
- Faroese terms derived from Old Norse
- Faroese terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Faroese terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Faroese lemmas
- Faroese nouns
- Faroese neuter nouns
- Faroese feminine nouns
- fo:Nautical
- fo:Time
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/aːr
- Rhymes:Hungarian/aːr/1 syllable
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian
- Hungarian terms derived from Alanic
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- Hungarian terms with usage examples
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Ugric
- Hungarian uncountable nouns
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms derived from German
- Hungarian terms derived from French
- Hungarian terms derived from Latin
- hu:Water
- hu:Climatology
- Hungarian two-letter words
- Hungarian terms with multiple lemma etymologies
- Hungarian terms with multiple noun etymologies
- Icelandic 1-syllable words
- Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Icelandic/auːr
- Rhymes:Icelandic/auːr/1 syllable
- Icelandic terms inherited from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic lemmas
- Icelandic adverbs
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Icelandic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yeh₁r-
- Icelandic nouns
- Icelandic neuter nouns
- Icelandic feminine nouns
- Icelandic non-lemma forms
- Icelandic noun forms
- is:Time
- Irish terms inherited from Old Irish
- Irish terms derived from Old Irish
- Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Irish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Irish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Irish lemmas
- Irish determiners
- Irish possessive determiners
- Irish terms with usage examples
- Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ-
- Irish nouns
- Irish masculine nouns
- Irish first-declension nouns
- Irish terms borrowed from French
- Irish terms derived from French
- Irish terms derived from Latin
- Mizo terms inherited from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Mizo terms derived from Proto-Kuki-Chin
- Mizo terms with IPA pronunciation
- Mizo lemmas
- Mizo nouns
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Irish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ-
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish nouns
- Old Irish neuter nouns
- Old Irish terms with quotations
- Old Irish neuter o-stem nouns
- Old Norse terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Norse
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Norse
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse nouns
- Old Norse neuter nouns
- non:Runic letter names
- Old Norse neuter a-stem nouns
- Old Norse adverbs
- Old Norse feminine nouns
- Old Norse ō-stem nouns
- Old Norse non-lemma forms
- Old Norse noun forms
- non:Nautical
- non:Time