See also: and 𠆤
U+4ECB, 介
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECB

[U+4ECA]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4ECC]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 9, +2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人中中 (OLL), four-corner 80220, composition 丿)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 359
  • Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 103, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+4ECB

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           


References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (“person”) + two marks encompassing, indicating "in between". Folk etymology interprets the two marks as two components of an armor.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
"to assist"
Developed from (OC *kreːds, “armored men”), from (OC *kreːds, “armor”), ultimately from (OC *kreːds, “scale (of animals)”). (Schuessler, 2007)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • 5ka, 1ka - colloquial;
  • 5cia - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiɛ⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡ɕiɛ⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕie⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiɛ³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡ɕi²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕie¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕiə¹³/
    /kɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /kai³⁵/
    Chengdu /kai¹³/
    /t͡ɕiai¹³/
    Guiyang /kai²¹³/
    /t͡ɕie²¹³/
    Kunming /kæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡ɕie̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕie⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /ka³⁵/
    /t͡ɕia³⁵/
    Suzhou /t͡ɕiɑ⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕie̞⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /ka⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³²⁴/
    /ka³²⁴/
    Tunxi /ka⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /kai⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /kai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /kai⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /kiai⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ke⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kai³³/
    Nanning /kai³³/
    Hong Kong /kai³³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kai²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑi²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kai³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kai²¹³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /kai³⁵/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (33)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter keajH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kˠɛiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kᵚæiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kɐiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kəɨjH/
    Li
    Rong
    /kɛiH/
    Wang
    Li
    /kɐiH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren
    /kăiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jiè
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gaai3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    jiè
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kɛjH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kˁr[e]p-s/
    English armour; scale of animals

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6525
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    2
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kreːds/

    Definitions

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    1. to lie between
    2. to relate two things; to connect; to link; to introduce
    3. to assist; to help
    4. to hang; to suspend
    5. to rely on; to depend on
    6. firm; persistent; unswerving
    7. such; like this; this kind of
    8. Original form of (jiè, “boundary; role; duty”).
    9. iota; tiny bit. Alternative form of
    10. Classifier for people or copper coins.
    11. seashell; shell
    12. to wear armour
    13. (Eastern Min) again; re-
    14. (Taiwan) zepto- (SI unit prefix)
      Synonym: (Mainland)

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    • Proto-Tai: *klecꟲ

    See also

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    SI prefix
    Last Next
    / /

    Synonyms

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    References

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    Etymology 2

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    simp. and trad.
    alternative forms

    From , attested since the Song Dynasty.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    (Wu)

    1. used to indicate a great degree
      [Ningbonese]  ―  5ka 6du [Wugniu]  ―  so big
    2. an adverbialiser; in the manner of
      搿能 [Shanghainese]  ―  8geq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in this way
      一能 [Shanghainese]  ―  6zhian 6yi 7iq-nen-ka [Wugniu]  ―  in the manner of him

    Synonyms

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    Etymology 3

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    simp. and trad.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (Hong Kong) Informal shorthand for (gai1).

    Etymology 4

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    simp. and trad.

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (Hakka) Alternative form of ((particle; classifier))

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

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    • Go-on: (ke)
    • Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
    • Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 介ける)すけ (suke, )
    • Nanori: あき (aki)ゆき (yuki)

    Compounds

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    Etymology

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    Kanji in this term
    かい
    Grade: S
    kan'on

    From Middle Chinese (MC keajH).

    Pronunciation

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    Affix

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    (かい) (kai

    1. to be between, mediate
    2. assist; help
    3. shell, shellfish
    4. armor

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (eum (gae))

    1. forerunner, herald, harbinger
    2. to lie between
    3. sea shell
    4. to wear armor

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Nôm readings: giới

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      NODES
    Note 4