Appendix:Greek Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Greek, compared with definitions in English. A Swadesh list for Ancient Greek is also available.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
edit| No. | English | Greek ελληνικά (elliniká) |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | εγώ (egó) | eˈɣo |
| 2 | you (singular) | εσύ (esý), εσείς (eseís) (formal) | eˈsi, eˈsis |
| 3 | he | αυτός (aftós) | afˈtos |
| 4 | we | εμείς (emeís) | eˈmis |
| 5 | you (plural) | εσείς (eseís) | eˈsis |
| 6 | they | αυτοί (aftoí) | afˈti |
| 7 | this | αυτό (aftó) | afˈto |
| 8 | that | εκείνο (ekeíno) | eˈcino |
| 9 | here | εδώ (edó) | eˈðo |
| 10 | there | εκεί (ekeí) | eˈci |
| 11 | who | ποιος (poios) | pços |
| 12 | what | τι (ti) | ti |
| 13 | where | πού (poú) | pu |
| 14 | when | πότε (póte) | ˈpote |
| 15 | how | πώς (pós) | pos |
| 16 | not | δε(ν) (de(n)), μη(ν) (mi(n)) | ðe(n), mi(n) |
| 17 | all | όλοι (óloi) | ˈoli |
| 18 | many | πολλοί (polloí) | poˈli |
| 19 | some | μερικοί (merikoí) | meriˈci |
| 20 | few | λίγοι (lígoi) | ˈliʝi |
| 21 | other | άλλοι (álloi) | ˈali |
| 22 | one | ένα (éna) | ˈena |
| 23 | two | δύο (dýo) | ˈðio |
| 24 | three | τρία (tría) | ˈtria |
| 25 | four | τέσσερα (téssera) | ˈtesera |
| 26 | five | πέντε (pénte) | ˈpende |
| 27 | big | μεγάλος (megálos) | meˈɣalos |
| 28 | long | μακρύς (makrýs) | maˈkris |
| 29 | wide | πλατύς (platýs), φαρδύς (fardýs) | plaˈtis, farˈðis |
| 30 | thick | παχύς (pachýs), χοντρός (chontrós) | paˈçis, xonˈdros |
| 31 | heavy | βαρύς (varýs) | vaˈris |
| 32 | small | μικρός (mikrós) | miˈkros |
| 33 | short | κοντός (kontós) | koˈndos |
| 34 | narrow | στενός (stenós) | steˈnos |
| 35 | thin | λεπτός (leptós) | leˈptos |
| 36 | woman | γυναίκα (gynaíka) | ʝiˈneka |
| 37 | man (male) | άνδρας (ándras) | ˈandras |
| 38 | man (human) | άνθρωπος (ánthropos) | ˈan̪θropos |
| 39 | child | παιδί (paidí) | peˈði |
| 40 | wife | σύζυγος (sýzygos), γυναίκα (gynaíka) | ˈsiziɣos, ʝiˈneka |
| 41 | husband | σύζυγος (sýzygos), άντρας (ántras) | ˈsiziɣos, ˈandras |
| 42 | mother | μητέρα (mitéra), μάνα (mána) | miˈtera, ˈmana |
| 43 | father | πατέρας (patéras) | paˈteras |
| 44 | animal | ζώο (zóo) | ˈzoo |
| 45 | fish | ψάρι (psári) | ˈpsari |
| 46 | bird | πουλί (poulí) | puˈli |
| 47 | dog | σκύλος (skýlos) | ˈscilos |
| 48 | louse | ψείρα (pseíra) | ˈpsira |
| 49 | snake | φίδι (fídi) | ˈfiði |
| 50 | worm | σκουλήκι (skoulíki) | skuˈlici |
| 51 | tree | δέντρο (déntro) | ˈðendro |
| 52 | forest | δάσος (dásos) | ˈðasos |
| 53 | stick | ραβδί (ravdí), βέργα (vérga) | raˈvði, ˈverɣa |
| 54 | fruit | φρούτο (froúto) | ˈfruto |
| 55 | seed | σπόρος (spóros) | ˈsporos |
| 56 | leaf | φύλλο (fýllo) | ˈfilo |
| 57 | root | ρίζα (ríza) | ˈriza |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | φλοιός (floiós) | fliˈos |
| 59 | flower | λουλούδι (louloúdi) | luˈluði |
| 60 | grass | χορτάρι (chortári) | xorˈtari |
| 61 | rope | σχοινί (schoiní) | sçiˈni |
| 62 | skin | δέρμα (dérma) | ˈðerma |
| 63 | meat | κρέας (kréas) | ˈkreas |
| 64 | blood | αίμα (aíma) | ˈema |
| 65 | bone | κόκαλο (kókalo) | ˈkokalo |
| 66 | fat (noun) | λίπος (lípos) | ˈlipos |
| 67 | egg | αυγό (avgó) | avˈɣo |
| 68 | horn | κέρατο (kérato) | ˈcerato |
| 69 | tail | ουρά (ourá) | uˈra |
| 70 | feather | πούπουλο (poúpoulo), φτερό (fteró) | ˈpupulo, fteˈro |
| 71 | hair | τρίχα (trícha) (single), μαλλιά (malliá) (collective) | ˈtrixa, maˈʎa |
| 72 | head | κεφάλι (kefáli) | ceˈfali |
| 73 | ear | αυτί (aftí) | afˈti |
| 74 | eye | μάτι (máti) | ˈmati |
| 75 | nose | μύτη (mýti) | ˈmiti |
| 76 | mouth | στόμα (stóma) | ˈstoma |
| 77 | tooth | δόντι (dónti) | ˈðondi |
| 78 | tongue | γλώσσα (glóssa) | ˈɣlosa |
| 79 | fingernail | νύχι (nýchi) | ˈniçi |
| 80 | foot | πόδι (pódi) | ˈpoði |
| 81 | leg | πόδι (pódi) | ˈpoði |
| 82 | knee | γόνατο (gónato) | ˈɣonato |
| 83 | hand | χέρι (chéri) | ˈçeri |
| 84 | wing | φτερό (fteró) | fteˈro |
| 85 | belly | κοιλιά (koiliá) | ciˈʎa |
| 86 | guts | σπλάχνα (spláchna), εντόσθια (entósthia) | ˈsplaxna, eˈndosθia |
| 87 | neck | λαιμός (laimós) | leˈmos |
| 88 | back | πλάτη (pláti) | ˈplati |
| 89 | breast | στήθος (stíthos) | ˈstiθos |
| 90 | heart | καρδιά (kardiá) | karˈðʝa |
| 91 | liver | συκώτι (sykóti) | siˈkoti |
| 92 | to drink | πίνω (píno) | ˈpino |
| 93 | to eat | τρώ(γ)ω | ˈtro(ɣ)o |
| 94 | to bite | δαγκώνω (dagkóno) | ðaˈŋɡono |
| 95 | to suck | ρουφώ (roufó) | ruˈfo |
| 96 | to spit | φτύνω (ftýno) | ˈftino |
| 97 | to vomit | ξερνώ (xernó) | kserˈno |
| 98 | to blow | φυσάω (fysáo) | fiˈsao |
| 99 | to breathe | αναπνέω (anapnéo), ανασαίνω (anasaíno) | anaˈpneo, anaˈseno |
| 100 | to laugh | γελάω (geláo) | ʝeˈlao |
| 101 | to see | βλέπω (vlépo) | ˈvlepo |
| 102 | to hear | ακούω (akoúo) | aˈkuo |
| 103 | to know | ξέρω (xéro), γνωρίζω (gnorízo) | ˈksero, ɣnoˈrizo |
| 104 | to think | σκέφτομαι (skéftomai), νομίζω (nomízo) | ˈsceftome, noˈmizo |
| 105 | to smell | μυρίζω (myrízo) | miˈrizo |
| 106 | to fear | φοβάμαι (fovámai) | foˈvame |
| 107 | to sleep | κοιμάμαι (koimámai) | ciˈmame |
| 108 | to live | ζω (zo) | zo |
| 109 | to die | πεθαίνω (pethaíno) | peˈθeno |
| 110 | to kill | σκοτώνω (skotóno) | skoˈtono |
| 111 | to fight | μαλώνω (malóno) | maˈlono |
| 112 | to hunt | κυνηγώ (kynigó) | ciniˈɣo |
| 113 | to hit | χτυπώ (chtypó) | xtiˈpo |
| 114 | to cut | κόβω (kóvo) | ˈkovo |
| 115 | to split | χωρίζω (chorízo) | xoˈrizo |
| 116 | to stab | μαχαιρώνω (machairóno) | maçeˈrono |
| 117 | to scratch | ξύνω (xýno) | ˈksino |
| 118 | to dig | σκάβω (skávo) | ˈskavo |
| 119 | to swim | κολυμπώ (kolympó) | kolimˈbo |
| 120 | to fly | πετάω (petáo) | peˈtao |
| 121 | to walk | περπατώ (perpató) | perpaˈto |
| 122 | to come | έρχομαι (érchomai) | ˈerxome |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ξαπλώνω (xaplóno), πλαγιάζω (plagiázo) | ksaˈplono, plaˈʝazo |
| 124 | to sit | κάθομαι (káthomai) | ˈkaθome |
| 125 | to stand | στέκομαι (stékomai) | ˈstekome |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | γυρίζω (gyrízo) | ʝiˈrizo |
| 127 | to fall | πέφτω (péfto) | ˈpefto |
| 128 | to give | δίνω (díno) | ˈðino |
| 129 | to hold | κρατάω (kratáo) | kraˈtao |
| 130 | to squeeze | ζουλάω (zouláo) | zuˈlao |
| 131 | to rub | τρίβω (trívo) | ˈtrivo |
| 132 | to wash | πλένω (pléno) | ˈpleno |
| 133 | to wipe | σκουπίζω (skoupízo) | skuˈpizo |
| 134 | to pull | τραβάω (traváo) | traˈvo |
| 135 | to push | σπρώχνω (spróchno) | ˈzbroxno |
| 136 | to throw | ρίχνω (ríchno), πετώ (petó) | ˈrixno |
| 137 | to tie | δένω (déno) | ˈðeno |
| 138 | to sew | ράβω (rávo) | ˈravo |
| 139 | to count | μετράω (metráo) | meˈtrao |
| 140 | to say | λέω (léo) | ˈleo |
| 141 | to sing | τραγουδώ (tragoudó) | traɣuˈðo |
| 142 | to play | παίζω (paízo) | ˈpezo |
| 143 | to float | πλέω (pléo), επιπλέω (epipléo) | ˈpleo, epiˈpleo |
| 144 | to flow | τρέχω (trécho) | ˈtrexo |
| 145 | to freeze | παγώνω (pagóno) | paˈɣono |
| 146 | to swell | φουσκώνω (fouskóno), πρήζομαι (prízomai) | fuˈskono, ˈprizome |
| 147 | sun | ήλιος (ílios) | ˈiʎos |
| 148 | moon | φεγγάρι (fengári), Σελήνη (Selíni) | feˈŋɡari, seˈlini |
| 149 | star | αστέρι (astéri), άστρο (ástro) | aˈsteri |
| 150 | water | νερό (neró) | neˈro |
| 151 | rain | βροχή (vrochí) | vroˈçi |
| 152 | river | ποτάμι (potámi) | poˈtami |
| 153 | lake | λίμνη (límni) | ˈlimni |
| 154 | sea | θάλασσα (thálassa) | ˈθalasa |
| 155 | salt | αλάτι (aláti) | aˈlati |
| 156 | stone | πέτρα (pétra) | ˈpetra |
| 157 | sand | άμμος (ámmos) | ˈamos |
| 158 | dust | σκόνη (skóni) | ˈskoni |
| 159 | earth | γη (gi) | ʝi |
| 160 | cloud | σύννεφο (sýnnefo) | ˈsinefo |
| 161 | fog | ομίχλη (omíchli) | oˈmixli |
| 162 | sky | ουρανός (ouranós) | uraˈnos |
| 163 | wind | αέρας (aéras) | aˈeras |
| 164 | snow | χιόνι (chióni) | ˈçoni |
| 165 | ice | πάγος (págos) | ˈpaɣos |
| 166 | smoke | καπνός (kapnós) | kaˈpnos |
| 167 | fire | φωτιά (fotiá) | foˈtça |
| 168 | ash | στάχτη (stáchti) | ˈstaxti |
| 169 | to burn | καίω (kaío) | ˈceo |
| 170 | road | δρόμος (drómos) | ˈðromos |
| 171 | mountain | βουνό (vounó) | vuˈno |
| 172 | red | κόκκινος (kókkinos) | ˈkocinos |
| 173 | green | πράσινος (prásinos) | ˈprasinos |
| 174 | yellow | κίτρινος (kítrinos) | ˈcitrinos |
| 175 | white | άσπρος (áspros) | ˈaspros |
| 176 | black | μαύρος (mávros) | ˈmavros |
| 177 | night | νύχτα (nýchta) | ˈnixta |
| 178 | day | μέρα (méra) | ˈmera |
| 179 | year | χρόνος (chrónos) | 'xronos |
| 180 | warm | ζεστός (zestós) | zeˈstos |
| 181 | cold | κρύος (krýos) | ˈkrios |
| 182 | full | γεμάτος (gemátos) | ʝeˈmatos |
| 183 | new | καινούργιος (kainoúrgios) | ceˈnurʝos |
| 184 | old | παλιός (paliós) | paˈʎos |
| 185 | good | καλός (kalós) | kaˈlos |
| 186 | bad | κακός (kakós) | kaˈkos |
| 187 | rotten | σάπιος (sápios) | ˈsapços |
| 188 | dirty | βρόμικος (vrómikos) | ˈvromikos |
| 189 | straight | ίσιος (ísios) | ˈisços |
| 190 | round | στρογγυλός (strongylós) | stroɲɟiˈlos |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | κοφτερός (kofterós) | kofteˈros |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | στομωμένος (stomoménos) | stomoˈmenos |
| 193 | smooth | λείος (leíos) | ˈlios |
| 194 | wet | βρεγμένος (vregménos), υγρός (ygrós) | vreɣˈmenos, iˈɣros |
| 195 | dry | στεγνός (stegnós), ξερός (xerós) | steˈɣnos, kseˈros |
| 196 | correct | σωστός (sostós) | soˈstos |
| 197 | near | κοντά (kontá) | koˈnda |
| 198 | far | μακριά (makriá) | makriˈa |
| 199 | right | δεξιά (dexiá) | ðeksiˈa |
| 200 | left | αριστερά (aristerá) | aristeˈra |
| 201 | at | σε (se) | se |
| 202 | in | μέσα (mésa) | ˈmesa |
| 203 | with | με (me) | me |
| 204 | and | και (kai) | ce |
| 205 | if | εάν (eán), αν (an) | eˈan, an |
| 206 | because | επειδή (epeidí), γιατί (giatí) | epiˈði, ʝaˈti |
| 207 | name | όνομα (ónoma) | ˈonoma |
- Pronunciation
Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the pronunciation shown.