Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yāg

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Sometimes connected with *yak- (“to rub, to smear”), with the both deriving from hypothetical *yā-, supposedly reflected in Khalaj yâ- (“to churn butter”).

Noun

*yāg

1. fat, butter, lard, thick

Declension

Declension of *yāg

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yāg
Accusative	*yāgïg, *yāgnï1)
Genitive	*yāgnïŋ
Dative	*yāgka
Locative	*yāgda
Ablative	*yāgdan
Allative	*yāggaru
Instrumental 2)	*yāgïn
Equative 2)	*yāgča
Similative 2)	*yāglayu
Comitative 2)	*yāglïgu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ҫу (śu), ҫӑв (śăv)

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: yâğ
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: yağ
    • Ottoman Turkish: یاغ (yağ)
      • Turkish: yağ
      • Gagauz: yaa
  • Turkmen: ýag
  • Salar: yağ
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: ىاغ (yağ)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yağ)
      • Chagatai: یاغ (yağ)
        • Uzbek: yoʻg
        • Uyghur: ياغ (yagh)
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak: yağ
  • Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yağ), [Arabic needed] (yağ)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: яу (yaw)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: yağ
    • Karachay-Balkar: джау (cau)
    • Karaim: jav
    • Kumyk: яв (yaw)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: жоон (joon), жов (jov)
      • Southern Altai: јуу (ǰuu)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: [script needed] (yaɣ)
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (yaɣ)
    • Western Yugur: yağ
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: һыа (hıa)
    • Yakut: сыа (sıa)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tuvan: чаг (çag)
      • Tofa: [script needed] (čaɣ)
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas: чағ (çağ)
      • Shor: чағ (čağ)
    • Northern Altai: јаг (ǰag) (Chelkan), дьу (dʹu), дьыг (dʹïg) (Kumandin)

See also

Foods - *yẹ̄miĺčler, *yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
Barley	barley: *arpa	Pea	beans, peas: *burčak	Wheat	farro, wheat: *bugday
Jujube	jujube: *yidge	Strawberry	strawberry: *yidgelek	Apple	apple: *almïla
Hazelnuts	hazelnut: *bōńurï	Walnuts	walnut: *yaŋgak	Honey	honey: *bạl
Millet	millet: *tạrïg	Onion	onion: *sōgun	Salt	salt: *tūŕ
Egg	egg: *yumurtka	Butter	butter: *yāg	Mushroom	mushroom: *kömbe
Radish	radish: *turp, *turma	Carrot	carrot: *turma

Further reading

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 895
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 58
• Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 453
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jāg”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill