cavar

See also: Ćavar

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin cavāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central) [kəˈβa]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [kəˈva]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [kaˈvaɾ]

Verb

cavar (first-person singular present cavo, first-person singular preterite caví, past participle cavat)

1. to dig

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cavar (first conjugation)

infinitive			cavar
gerund			cavant
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cavat		cavada
		plural		cavats		cavades
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	cavo	caves	cava	cavem	caveu	caven
	imperfect	cavava	cavaves	cavava	cavàvem	cavàveu	cavaven
	future	cavaré	cavaràs	cavarà	cavarem	cavareu	cavaran
	preterite	caví	cavares	cavà	cavàrem	cavàreu	cavaren
	conditional	cavaria	cavaries	cavaria	cavaríem	cavaríeu	cavarien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	cavi	cavis	cavi	cavem	caveu	cavin
	imperfect	cavés	cavessis	cavés	cavéssim	cavéssiu	cavessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	cava	cavi	cavem	caveu	cavin
	negative (no)	—	no cavis	no cavi	no cavem	no caveu	no cavin

Related terms

• excavar
• soscavar

Further reading

• “cavar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese cavar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin cavāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaˈβaɾ/

Verb

cavar (first-person singular present cavo, first-person singular preterite cavei, past participle cavado)

1. to dig
2. to hoe
   • 1303, Clarinda de Azevedo Maia (ed.), História do galego-português. Estado linguístico da Galiza e do Noroeste de Portugal do século XII ao século XVI (com referência á situação do galego moderno). Coimbra: I.N.I.C., page 150:

     Et dardeſ cada anno quatro dias de ſeara a noſſa graña de Pineyra, ṽn dia a eſcauar, outro a pudar, outro a cauar, outro a rãdar

     You'll give each year four days of work in our farm of Piñeira, one day for digging, another for prunning, another for hoeing, another for weeding

3. to break up

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cavar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cavar
Personal	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavaren
Gerund
	cavando
Past participle
Masculine	cavado			cavados
Feminine	cavada			cavadas
Indicative
Present	cavo	cavas	cava	cavamos	cavades	cavan
Imperfect	cavaba	cavabas	cavaba	cavabamos	cavabades	cavaban
Preterite	cavei	cavaches	cavou	cavamos	cavastes	cavaron
Pluperfect	cavara	cavaras	cavara	cavaramos	cavarades	cavaran
Future	cavarei	cavarás	cavará	cavaremos	cavaredes	cavarán
Conditional	cavaría	cavarías	cavaría	cavariamos	cavariades	cavarían
Subjunctive
Present	cave	caves	cave	cavemos	cavedes	caven
Imperfect	cavase	cavases	cavase	cavásemos	cavásedes	cavasen
Future	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavaren
Imperative
Affirmative		cava	cave	cavemos	cavade	caven
Negative (non)		non caves	non cave	non cavemos	non cavedes	non caven

    Reintegrated conjugation of cavar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cavar
Personal	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavarem
Gerund
	cavando
Past participle
Masculine	cavado			cavados
Feminine	cavada			cavadas
Indicative
Present	cavo	cavas	cava	cavamos	cavades, cavais	cavam
Imperfect	cavava	cavavas	cavava	cavávamos	cavávades, caváveis, cavávais1	cavavam
Preterite	cavei	cavaste, cavache1	cavou	cavamos	cavastes	cavárom, cavaram
Pluperfect	cavara	cavaras	cavara	caváramos	cavárades, caváreis, cavárais1	cavaram
Future	cavarei	cavarás	cavará	cavaremos	cavaredes, cavareis	cavarám, cavarão
Conditional	cavaria	cavarias	cavaria	cavaríamos	cavaríades, cavaríeis, cavaríais1	cavariam
Subjunctive
Present	cave	caves	cave	cavemos	cavedes, caveis	cavem
Imperfect	cavasse	cavasses	cavasse	cavássemos	cavássedes, cavásseis	cavassem
Future	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavarem
Imperative
Affirmative		cava	cave	cavemos	cavade, cavai	cavem
Negative (nom)		nom caves	nom cave	nom cavemos	nom cavedes, nom caveis	nom cavem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• cava
• cavada

 

Related terms

• escavar

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “cavar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “cauar”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “cavar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cavar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “cavar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “cavar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “cavar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan, from Latin cavō, cavāre.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

cavar

1. to dig

Conjugation

    Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		cavar			aver cavat
gerund		cavant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cavat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cavi	cavas	cava	cavam	cavatz	cavan
	imperfect	cavavi	cavavas	cavava	cavàvem	cavàvetz	cavavan
	preterite	cavèri	cavères	cavèt	cavèrem	cavèretz	cavèron
	future	cavarai	cavaràs	cavarà	cavarem	cavaretz	cavaràn
	conditional	cavariái	cavariás	cavariá	cavariam	cavariatz	cavarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cavèra	cavèras	cavèra	caveram	caveratz	cavèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cave	caves	cave	cavem	cavetz	caven
	imperfect	cavèssi	cavèsses	cavèsse	cavèssem	cavèssetz	cavèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cava		cavem	cavatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Auvernhàs

		simple			compound
infinitive		cavar			aver cavat
gerund		cavant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cavat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cave	caves	cava	cavam	cavatz	cavon
	imperfect	cavave	cavaves	cavava	cavaviam	cavaviatz	cavavon
	preterite	cavere	caveres	cavet	cavem	cavetz	caveron
	future	cavarai	cavaràs	cavará	cavarem	cavaretz	cavarán
	conditional	cavariá	cavariás	cavariá	cavariam	cavariatz	cavarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cavèra	cavèras	cavèra	caveram	caveratz	cavèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cave	caves	cave	cavassiam	cavassiatz	cavon
	imperfect	cavesse	cavesses	cavesse	cavessiam	cavessiatz	cavesson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cava		cavassiam	cavatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Gascon

		simple			compound
infinitive		cavar			aver cavat
gerund		cavant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cavat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cavi	cavas	cava	cavam	cavatz	cavan
	imperfect	cavavi	cavavas	cavava	cavàvam	cavàvatz	cavavan
	preterite	cavèi	cavès	cavè	cavèm	cavètz	cavèn
	future	cavarèi	cavaràs	cavarà	cavaram	cavaratz	cavaràn
	conditional	cavarí	cavarés	cavaré	cavarem	cavaretz	cavarén
	conditional 2nd form1	cavèra	cavèras	cavèra	caveram	caveratz	cavèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cavi	caves	cave	cavem	cavetz	caven
	imperfect	cavèssi	cavèsses	cavèsse	cavèssem	cavèssetz	cavèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cava		cavem	cavatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Lemosin

		simple			compound
infinitive		cavar			aver cavat
gerund		cavant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cavat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cave	cavas	cava	cavam	cavatz	cavan
	imperfect	cavava	cavavas	cavava	cavàvam	cavàvatz	cavavan
	preterite	cavei	caveras	cavet	cavèram	cavèratz	caveran
	future	cavarai	cavaràs	cavará	cavarem	cavaretz	cavarán
	conditional	cavariá	cavariàs	cavariá	cavariam	cavariatz	cavarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cavèra	cavèras	cavèra	caveram	caveratz	cavèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cave	caves	cave	cavem	cavetz	caven
	imperfect	cavèsse	cavèsses	cavèsse	cavèssem	cavèssetz	cavèssen
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cava		cavem	cavatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

    Provençau

		simple			compound
infinitive		cavar			aver cavat
gerund		cavant			use gerund of aver + past participle
past participle		cavat			—
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	cave	caves	cava	cavam	cavatz	cavan
	imperfect	cavavi	cavavas	cavava	cavàvem	cavàvetz	cavavan
	preterite	cavère	cavères	cavèt	caveriam	caveriatz	cavèron
	future	cavarai	cavaràs	cavarà	cavarem	cavaretz	cavaràn
	conditional	cavariáu	cavariás	cavariá	cavariam	cavariatz	cavarián
	conditional 2nd form1	cavèra	cavèras	cavèra	caveram	caveratz	cavèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of aver + past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of aver + past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of aver + past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	cave	caves	cave	cavem	cavetz	cavan
	imperfect	cavèsse	cavèsses	cavèsse	cavessiam	cavessiatz	cavèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			cava		cavem	cavatz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Related terms

• escavar

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin cavāre.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kaˈva(ʁ)/ [kaˈva(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /kaˈva(ʁ)/ [kaˈva(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /kaˈva(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /kaˈva(ʁ)/ [kaˈva(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /kaˈva(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐˈvaɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐˈvaɾ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐˈbaɾ/ [kɐˈβaɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /kɐˈva.ɾi/

Verb

cavar (first-person singular present cavo, first-person singular preterite cavei, past participle cavado)

1. to dig, excavate, burrow, scoop

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cavar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	cavar
Personal	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavarem
Gerund
	cavando
Past participle
Masculine	cavado			cavados
Feminine	cavada			cavadas
Indicative
Present	cavo	cavas	cava	cavamos	cavais	cavam
Imperfect	cavava	cavavas	cavava	cavávamos	caváveis	cavavam
Preterite	cavei	cavaste	cavou	cavamos1, cavámos2	cavastes	cavaram
Pluperfect	cavara	cavaras	cavara	caváramos	caváreis	cavaram
Future	cavarei	cavarás	cavará	cavaremos	cavareis	cavarão
Conditional	cavaria	cavarias	cavaria	cavaríamos	cavaríeis	cavariam
Subjunctive
Present	cave	caves	cave	cavemos	caveis	cavem
Imperfect	cavasse	cavasses	cavasse	cavássemos	cavásseis	cavassem
Future	cavar	cavares	cavar	cavarmos	cavardes	cavarem
Imperative
Affirmative		cava	cave	cavemos	cavai	cavem
Negative (não)		não caves	não cave	não cavemos	não caveis	não cavem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Related terms

• cava
• escavar

Romansch

Alternative forms

• stgavar (Rumantsch Grischun, Sutsilvan, Surmiran)
• tgavar (Surmiran)
• chaver (Puter)
• chavar (Vallader)

Etymology

From Latin cavō, cavāre.

Verb

cavar

1. (Sursilvan) to dig

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin cavāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kaˈbaɾ/ [kaˈβ̞aɾ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: ca‧var

Verb

cavar (first-person singular present cavo, first-person singular preterite cavé, past participle cavado)

1. (transitive) to excavate, dig
2. (intransitive) to penetrate into

Conjugation

    Conjugation of cavar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			cavar
gerund			cavando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		cavado		cavada
		plural		cavados		cavadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	cavo	cavastú cavásvos	cava	cavamos	caváis	cavan
	imperfect	cavaba	cavabas	cavaba	cavábamos	cavabais	cavaban
	preterite	cavé	cavaste	cavó	cavamos	cavasteis	cavaron
	future	cavaré	cavarás	cavará	cavaremos	cavaréis	cavarán
	conditional	cavaría	cavarías	cavaría	cavaríamos	cavaríais	cavarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	cave	cavestú cavésvos2	cave	cavemos	cavéis	caven
	imperfect (ra)	cavara	cavaras	cavara	caváramos	cavarais	cavaran
	imperfect (se)	cavase	cavases	cavase	cavásemos	cavaseis	cavasen
	future1	cavare	cavares	cavare	caváremos	cavareis	cavaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		cavatú cavávos	cave	cavemos	cavad	caven
	negative		no caves	no cave	no cavemos	no cavéis	no caven

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of cavar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive cavar	dative	cavarme	cavarte	cavarle, cavarse	cavarnos	cavaros	cavarles, cavarse
	accusative	cavarme	cavarte	cavarlo, cavarla, cavarse	cavarnos	cavaros	cavarlos, cavarlas, cavarse
with gerund cavando	dative	cavándome	cavándote	cavándole, cavándose	cavándonos	cavándoos	cavándoles, cavándose
	accusative	cavándome	cavándote	cavándolo, cavándola, cavándose	cavándonos	cavándoos	cavándolos, cavándolas, cavándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative cava	dative	cávame	cávate	cávale	cávanos	not used	cávales
	accusative	cávame	cávate	cávalo, cávala	cávanos	not used	cávalos, cávalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative cavá	dative	cavame	cavate	cavale	cavanos	not used	cavales
	accusative	cavame	cavate	cavalo, cavala	cavanos	not used	cavalos, cavalas
with formal second-person singular imperative cave	dative	cáveme	not used	cávele, cávese	cávenos	not used	cáveles
	accusative	cáveme	not used	cávelo, cávela, cávese	cávenos	not used	cávelos, cávelas
with first-person plural imperative cavemos	dative	not used	cavémoste	cavémosle	cavémonos	cavémoos	cavémosles
	accusative	not used	cavémoste	cavémoslo, cavémosla	cavémonos	cavémoos	cavémoslos, cavémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative cavad	dative	cavadme	not used	cavadle	cavadnos	cavaos	cavadles
	accusative	cavadme	not used	cavadlo, cavadla	cavadnos	cavaos	cavadlos, cavadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative caven	dative	cávenme	not used	cávenle	cávennos	not used	cávenles, cávense
	accusative	cávenme	not used	cávenlo, cávenla	cávennos	not used	cávenlos, cávenlas, cávense

Related terms

• cava
• cavador
• caverna
• escavar
• excavar

 

Further reading

• “cavar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

Venetan

Etymology

From Latin cavō, cavāre.

Verb

cavar

1. (transitive) to take off, take out
2. (transitive) to extract

Conjugation

* Venetan conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of cavar (first conjugation)

infinitive	cavar
auxiliary verb		aver	gerund		cavando
past participle		cavà
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	mi	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
present	cavo	(te) cavi	(el/ła) cava	cavémo, cavòn	cavé	(i/łe) cava
imperfect	cavava	(te) cavavi	(el/ła) cavava	cavàvimo	cavavi	(i/łe) cavava
future	cavarò	(te) cavarè	(el/ła) cavarà	cavarémo	cavarè	(i/łe) cavarà
conditional	cavarìa	(te) cavarisi	(el/ła) cavarìa	cavarìsimo	cavarisi	(i/łe) cavarìa
subjunctive	che mi	che ti	che eło / eła	che noialtri / noialtre	che voialtri / voialtre	che łuri / łore
present	cave, cava	(te) cavi	(el/ła) cave, (el/ła) cava	cavémo, cavone	cavé	(i/łe) cave, (i/łe) cava
imperfect	cavase	(te) cavasi	(el/ła) cavase	cavàsimo	cavasi	(i/łe) cavase
imperative	—	ti	eło / eła	noialtri / noialtre	voialtri / voialtre	łuri / łore
	—	(te) cava	(el/ła) cava, (el/ła) cave	cavémo	cavé	(i/łe) cava, (i/łe) cave

Related terms

• escavar, scavar