%%

%% This is file `spphys.bst',

%% generated with the docstrip utility.

%%

%% The original source files were:

%%

%% merlin.mbs (with options: `seq-no,vonx,nm-init,ed-au,yr-par,xmth,jtit-x,jttl-rm,thtit-a,vol-bf,volp-com,jpg-1,pgsep-c,num-xser,ser-vol,ser-ed,jnm-x,pub-date,pre-pub,doi,edpar,edby,fin-bare,pp,ed,abr,ord,jabr,xand,url,url-blk,nfss,')

%% ----------------------------------------

%%********************************************************************************%%

%% %%

%% For Springer physics publications. Based on the APS reference style. %%

%% Report bugs and improvements to: Joylene Vette-Guillaume or Frank Holzwarth %%

%% Springer-Verlag 2004/10/15 %%

%% %%

%%********************************************************************************%%

%%

%% Copyright 1994-2004 Patrick W Daly

% ===============================================================

% IMPORTANT NOTICE:

% This bibliographic style (bst) file has been generated from one or

% more master bibliographic style (mbs) files, listed above.

%

% This generated file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms

% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN

% archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt; either

% version 1 of the License, or any later version.

% ===============================================================

% Name and version information of the main mbs file:

% \ProvidesFile{merlin.mbs}[2004/02/09 4.13 (PWD, AO, DPC)]

% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later

%-------------------------------------------------------------------

% This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH

% This is a numerical citation style, and as such is standard LaTeX.

% It requires no extra package to interface to the main text.

% The form of the \bibitem entries is

% \bibitem{key}...

% Usage of \cite is as follows:

% \cite{key} ==>> [#]

% \cite[chap. 2]{key} ==>> [#, chap. 2]

% where # is a number determined by the ordering in the reference list.

% The order in the reference list is that by which the works were originally

% cited in the text, or that in the database.

%---------------------------------------------------------------------

ENTRY

{ address

author

booktitle

chapter

doi

edition

editor

eid

howpublished

institution

journal

key

month

note

number

organization

pages

publisher

school

series

title

type

url

volume

year

}

{}

{ label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}

{ #0 'before.all :=

#1 'mid.sentence :=

#2 'after.sentence :=

#3 'after.block :=

}

STRINGS { s t}

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

output.state mid.sentence =

{ ", " * write$ }

{ output.state after.block =

{ add.period$ write$

newline$

"\newblock " write$

}

{ output.state before.all =

'write$

{ add.period$ " " * write$ }

if$

}

if$

mid.sentence 'output.state :=

}

if$

s

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

'pop$

'output.nonnull

if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

'output.nonnull

if$

}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ duplicate$ empty$

'pop$

'write$

if$

newline$

}

FUNCTION {new.block}

{ output.state before.all =

'skip$

{ after.block 'output.state := }

if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}

{ output.state after.block =

'skip$

{ output.state before.all =

'skip$

{ after.sentence 'output.state := }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {add.blank}

{ " " * before.all 'output.state :=

}

FUNCTION {add.comma}

{ duplicate$ empty$

'skip$

{ "," * add.blank }

if$

}

FUNCTION {date.block}

{

new.block

}

FUNCTION {not}

{ { #0 }

{ #1 }

if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{ 'skip$

{ pop$ #0 }

if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{ { pop$ #1 }

'skip$

if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}

{ empty$

'skip$

'new.block

if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}

{ empty$

swap$ empty$

and

'skip$

'new.block

if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}

{ empty$

'skip$

'new.sentence

if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}

{ empty$

swap$ empty$

and

'skip$

'new.sentence

if$

}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

'skip$

if$

}

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

{ "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }

if$

}

FUNCTION {bolden}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

{ "\textbf{" swap$ * "}" * }

if$

}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

{ "~" }

{ " " }

if$

swap$

}

FUNCTION {capitalize}

{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}

{ " " swap$ * " " * }

% Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.

% Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.

% The language selected here is ENGLISH

FUNCTION {bbl.and}

{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}

{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}

{ "eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}

{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}

{ "ed. by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}

{ "edn." }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}

{ "vol." }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}

{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}

{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}

{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}

{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}

{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}

{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}

{ "chap." }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}

{ "Tech. Rep." }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}

{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}

{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.first}

{ "1st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.second}

{ "2nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.third}

{ "3rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fourth}

{ "4th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fifth}

{ "5th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.st}

{ "st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nd}

{ "nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.rd}

{ "rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.th}

{ "th" }

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}

MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

FUNCTION {eng.ord}

{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ *

#-2 #1 substring$ "1" =

{ bbl.th * }

{ duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$

duplicate$ "1" =

{ pop$ bbl.st * }

{ duplicate$ "2" =

{ pop$ bbl.nd * }

{ "3" =

{ bbl.rd * }

{ bbl.th * }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}

{"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}

{ swap$

duplicate$ missing$

{

pop$ pop$

""

}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{

swap$ pop$

}

{ swap$

pop$

}

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}

{ swap$

duplicate$ missing$

{

swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$

""

}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{

swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$

}

{ swap$

pop$

}

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.url}

{ url empty$

{ "" }

{ "\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * }

if$

}

STRINGS { bibinfo}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 'bibinfo :=

duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {

's :=

"" 't :=

#1 'nameptr :=

s num.names$ 'numnames :=

numnames 'namesleft :=

{ namesleft #0 > }

{ s nameptr

"{f{.}.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}"

format.name$

bibinfo bibinfo.check

't :=

nameptr #1 >

{

namesleft #1 >

{ ", " * t * }

{

"," *

s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =

{ 't := }

{ pop$ }

if$

t "others" =

{

" " * bbl.etal *

}

{ " " * t * }

if$

}

if$

}

't

if$

nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

}

while$

} if$

}

FUNCTION {format.names.ed}

{

format.names

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author "author" format.names

}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}

{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

" " *

get.bbl.editor

"(" swap$ * ")" *

*

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.doi}

{ doi "doi" bibinfo.check

duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

new.block

"\doi{" swap$ * "}" *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.note}

{

note empty$

{ "" }

{ note #1 #1 substring$

duplicate$ "{" =

'skip$

{ output.state mid.sentence =

{ "l" }

{ "u" }

if$

change.case$

}

if$

note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.title}

{ title

duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{ "t" change.case$ }

if$

"title" bibinfo.check

}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}

{ newline$

"\bibitem{" write$

cite$ write$

"}" write$

newline$

""

before.all 'output.state :=

}

FUNCTION {if.digit}

{ duplicate$ "0" =

swap$ duplicate$ "1" =

swap$ duplicate$ "2" =

swap$ duplicate$ "3" =

swap$ duplicate$ "4" =

swap$ duplicate$ "5" =

swap$ duplicate$ "6" =

swap$ duplicate$ "7" =

swap$ duplicate$ "8" =

swap$ "9" = or or or or or or or or or

}

FUNCTION {n.separate}

{ 't :=

""

#0 'numnames :=

{ t empty$ not }

{ t #-1 #1 substring$ if.digit

{ numnames #1 + 'numnames := }

{ #0 'numnames := }

if$

t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ *

t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

numnames #5 =

{ duplicate$ #1 #2 substring$ swap$

#3 global.max$ substring$

"," swap$ * *

}

'skip$

if$

}

while$

}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{

n.separate

't :=

""

{ t empty$ not }

{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

{ "--" *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

{ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

{ "-" *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

while$

}

if$

}

{ t #1 #1 substring$ *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

if$

}

while$

}

FUNCTION {word.in}

{ bbl.in

" " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}

{

""

duplicate$ empty$

year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$

{ swap$ 'skip$

{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }

if$

*

}

{ swap$ 'skip$

{

swap$

" " * swap$

}

if$

*

}

if$

duplicate$ empty$

'skip$

{

before.all 'output.state :=

" (" swap$ * ")" *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}

{ title "title" bibinfo.check

duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

emphasize

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

'pop$

{ "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}

{ volume empty$

{ "" }

{ bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix

"volume" bibinfo.check * *

series "series" bibinfo.check

duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

{ emphasize ", " * swap$ * }

if$

"volume and number" number either.or.check

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}

{ volume empty$

{ number empty$

{ series field.or.null }

{ series empty$

{ number "number" bibinfo.check }

{ output.state mid.sentence =

{ bbl.number }

{ bbl.number capitalize }

if$

number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *

bbl.in space.word *

series "series" bibinfo.check *

}

if$

}

if$

}

{ "" }

if$

}

FUNCTION {is.num}

{ chr.to.int$

duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not

swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and

}

FUNCTION {extract.num}

{ duplicate$ 't :=

"" 's :=

{ t empty$ not }

{ t #1 #1 substring$

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

duplicate$ is.num

{ s swap$ * 's := }

{ pop$ "" 't := }

if$

}

while$

s empty$

'skip$

{ pop$ s }

if$

}

FUNCTION {convert.edition}

{ extract.num "l" change.case$ 's :=

s "first" = s "1" = or

{ bbl.first 't := }

{ s "second" = s "2" = or

{ bbl.second 't := }

{ s "third" = s "3" = or

{ bbl.third 't := }

{ s "fourth" = s "4" = or

{ bbl.fourth 't := }

{ s "fifth" = s "5" = or

{ bbl.fifth 't := }

{ s #1 #1 substring$ is.num

{ s eng.ord 't := }

{ edition 't := }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

if$

t

}

FUNCTION {format.edition}

{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

convert.edition

output.state mid.sentence =

{ "l" }

{ "t" }

if$ change.case$

"edition" bibinfo.check

" " * bbl.edition *

}

if$

}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}

{ 't :=

#0 'multiresult :=

{ multiresult not

t empty$ not

and

}

{ t #1 #1 substring$

duplicate$ "-" =

swap$ duplicate$ "," =

swap$ "+" =

or or

{ #1 'multiresult := }

{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

if$

}

while$

multiresult

}

FUNCTION {format.pages}

{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{ duplicate$ multi.page.check

{

bbl.pages swap$

n.dashify

}

{

bbl.page swap$

}

if$

tie.or.space.prefix

"pages" bibinfo.check

* *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {first.page}

{ 't :=

""

{ t empty$ not t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = not and }

{ t #1 #1 substring$ *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

while$

}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}

{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

{ swap$ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ pop$ format.pages }

{

", " *

swap$

first.page

"pages" bibinfo.check

*

}

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.journal.eid}

{ eid "eid" bibinfo.check

duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

{ swap$ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

", " *

}

if$

swap$ *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}

{ volume field.or.null

duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

"volume" bibinfo.check

}

if$

bolden

number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

swap$ duplicate$ empty$

{ "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }

'skip$

if$

swap$

"(" swap$ * ")" *

}

if$ *

eid empty$

{ format.journal.pages }

{ format.journal.eid }

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}

{ chapter empty$

'format.pages

{ type empty$

{ bbl.chapter }

{ type "l" change.case$

"type" bibinfo.check

}

if$

chapter tie.or.space.prefix

"chapter" bibinfo.check

* *

pages empty$

'skip$

{ ", " * format.pages * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.booktitle}

{

booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check

emphasize

}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}

{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

{

format.bvolume duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

{ ", " swap$ * * }

if$

editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

{

bbl.edby

" " * swap$ *

swap$

"," *

" " * swap$

* }

if$

word.in swap$ *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}

{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$

month empty$ year empty$ note empty$

and and and and and

{ "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }

'skip$

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}

{ type duplicate$ empty$

'pop$

{ swap$ pop$

"t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}

{ number "number" bibinfo.check

type duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ bbl.techrep }

'skip$

if$

"type" bibinfo.check

swap$ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "t" change.case$ }

{ tie.or.space.prefix * * }

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}

{

key duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$

journal duplicate$ empty$

{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * warning$ }

{ "journal" bibinfo.check emphasize word.in swap$ * }

if$

}

{ word.in swap$ * " " *}

if$

" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}

{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

"editor" bibinfo.check

editor num.names$ duplicate$

#2 >

{ pop$

"editor" bibinfo.check

" " * bbl.etal

*

}

{ #2 <

'skip$

{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =

{

"editor" bibinfo.check

" " * bbl.etal

*

}

{

bbl.and space.word

* editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

"editor" bibinfo.check

*

}

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}

{ volume duplicate$ empty$

{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$

pop$ word.in

}

{ bbl.volume

capitalize

swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word *

}

if$

editor empty$

editor field.or.null author field.or.null =

or

{ key empty$

{ series empty$

{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *

crossref * warning$

"" *

}

{ series emphasize * }

if$

}

{ key * }

if$

}

{ format.crossref.editor * }

if$

" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}

{

editor empty$

editor field.or.null author field.or.null =

or

{ key empty$