Om

Om ou Aum ( listen (axuda · info), IAST: Oṃ, en devanágari ॐ) é un son sagrado e símbolo espiritual nas relixións da India. Significa a esencia da realidade última, a conciencia ou o Atman.^[1]^[2]^[3] Máis amplamente, é unha sílaba que se canta independentemente ou antes dunha recitación espiritual no hinduísmo, o budismo e o xainismo.^[4]^[5] O significado e as connotacións de Om varían entre as diversas escolas de diferentes tradicións. Fai parte da iconografía que se atopou en manuscritos, templos, mosteiros e retiros espirituais hinduístas, budistas e xainistas das idades antiga e media.^[6]^[7]

No hinduísmo, Om é un dos máis importantes símbolos espirituais.^[8]^[9] Refírese ao Atman (alma) e ao Brahman (realidade última, completitude do universo, verdade, divindade, espírito supremo, principios cósmicos, coñecemento).^[10]^[11]^[12] A sílaba adoita atoparse no principio e no final dos cápitulos dos Vedas, os Upanishads e outros textos hindús.^[12] É un canto sagrado espiritual feito antes e durante a recitación de textos espirituais, durante o puja e rezos privados, en cerimonias de ritos de paso (sanskara) como nas vodas, e ás veces durante actividades espirituais e de meditación como o ioga.^[13]^[14]

A sílaba Om tamén é referida como onkara (ओङ्कार, oṅkāra), omkara (ओंकार, oṃkāra) e pranava (प्रणव, praṇava).^[15]^[16]

Om en varias linguas

Notas

↑ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Om", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804, páxina 482
↑ Holdrege, Barbara A. (1996). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. SUNY Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7914-1640-2.
↑ "Om". Merriam-Webster (2013), pronunciado: \ˈōm\
↑ Jan Gonda (1963), The Indian Mantra, Oriens, Vol. 16, pp. 244–297
↑ Julius Lipner (2010), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415456760, pp. 66–67
↑ T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808775, p. 248
↑ Sehdev Kumar (2001), A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan, ISBN 978-8170173489, p. 5
↑ Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, page 435
↑ Krishna Sivaraman (2008), Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812543, page 433
↑ David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195156690, page 54
↑ Hajime Nakamura, A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120819634, page 318
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 Annette Wilke e Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, pages 435–456
↑ David White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691140865, pp. 104–111
↑ Alexander Studholme (2012), The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453902, páxinas 1–4
↑ Misra, Nityanand (25 July 2018). The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-93-87471-85-6.
↑ "OM". Sanskrit English Dictionary, Universidade de Köln, Alemaña
↑ ଓଁ (U+0B13 & U+0B01), ওঁ (U+0993 & U+0981)
↑ ௐ (U+0BD0)
↑ ^19,0 ^19,1 ಓಂ (U+0C93 & U+0C82)
telugu ఓం (U+0C13 & U+0C02)
↑ ഓം (U+0D13 & U+0D02)
↑ "oo m"
↑ 𑖍𑖼 (U+1158D & U+115BC)
↑ 唵 (U+5535)
↑ ༀ (U+0F00)
↑ (U+1B12 & U+1B01)
↑ (U+A98E & U+A980 & U+A9B4)

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999). Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion]. Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1376-6.

Ligazóns externas

Just say Om Joel Stein, Time Magazine Archives
Kumar, S.; Nagendra, H.; Manjunath, N.; Naveen, K.; Telles, S. (2010). "Meditation on OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science". International Journal of Yoga 3 (1): 2–5. PMC 2952121. PMID 20948894. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.66771.
Autonomic changes during "OM" meditation Telles et al. (1995)
Francke, A. H. (1915). "The Meaning of the "Om-mani-padme-hum" Formula". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 397–404. JSTOR 25189337. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00048425.
"Analysis of Acoustic of "OM " Chant to Study It's Effect on Nervous System".
Kumar, Uttam; Guleria, Anupam; Khetrapal, Chunni Lal (2015). "Neuro-cognitive aspects of "OM" sound/syllable perception: A functional neuroimaging study". Cognition and Emotion 29 (3): 432–441. PMID 24845107. doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.917609.

[james482-1] James Lochtefeld (2002), "Om", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804, páxina 482

[Holdrege1996-2] Holdrege, Barbara A. (1996). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. SUNY Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7914-1640-2.

[merriam-webster.com-3] "Om". Merriam-Webster (2013), pronunciado: \ˈōm\

[The_Indian_Mantra_pp._244-4] Jan Gonda (1963), The Indian Mantra, Oriens, Vol. 16, pp. 244–297

[lipner-5] Julius Lipner (2010), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415456760, pp. 66–67

[6] T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808775, p. 248

[7] Sehdev Kumar (2001), A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan, ISBN 978-8170173489, p. 5

[wilke435-8] Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, page 435

[Krishna_Sivaraman_2008-9] Krishna Sivaraman (2008), Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812543, page 433

[David_Leeming_2005-10] David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195156690, page 54

[ReferenceA-11] Hajime Nakamura, A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120819634, page 318

[annette-12] 12,0 ^12,1 Annette Wilke e Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, pages 435–456

[David_White_2011-13] David White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691140865, pp. 104–111

[Alexander_Studholme_2012-14] Alexander Studholme (2012), The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453902, páxinas 1–4

[Misra2018-15] Misra, Nityanand (25 July 2018). The Om Mala: Meanings of the Mystic Sound. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-93-87471-85-6.

[16] "OM". Sanskrit English Dictionary, Universidade de Köln, Alemaña

[17] ଓଁ (U+0B13 & U+0B01), ওঁ (U+0993 & U+0981)

[18] ௐ (U+0BD0)

[ReferenceB-19] 19,0 ^19,1 ಓಂ (U+0C93 & U+0C82)
telugu ఓం (U+0C13 & U+0C02)

[20] ഓം (U+0D13 & U+0D02)

[21] "oo m"

[22] 𑖍𑖼 (U+1158D & U+115BC)

[23] 唵 (U+5535)

[24] ༀ (U+0F00)

[25] (U+1B12 & U+1B01)

[26] (U+A98E & U+A980 & U+A9B4)

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