Harshen Chiwere

 

Chiwere (wanda kuma ake kira Iowa-Otoe-Missouria ko Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼachi ) yaren Siouan ne wanda asalin Missouria, Otoe, da mutanen Iowa ke magana, waɗanda suka samo asali daga yankin Manyan Tafkuna amma daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa tsakiyar Yamma da filayen. Harshen yana da alaƙa da Ho-Chunk, wanda kuma aka sani da Winnebago.

Mishan na Kirista da ba na asali ba sun fara rubuta Chiwere a cikin 1830s, amma tun lokacin ba a buga abubuwa da yawa game da harshen ba. Chiwere ya sami koma baya bayan da aka tsawaita huldar Amurkawa ta Turai a cikin shekarun 1850, kuma ya zuwa 1940 kusan an daina magana da harshen.

"Tciwere itce" (a cikin yaren Otoe) da "Tcekiwere itce" (a cikin yaren Iowa) suna fassara zuwa "Don yin magana da yaren gida." An ce sunan "Chiwere" ya samo asali ne daga mutumin da ya sadu da baƙo a cikin duhu. Idan wani baƙo a cikin duhu ya ƙalubalanci mutum ya gane kansa, mutumin zai iya amsawa "Ni Tci-we-re" (Otoe) ko "Ni Tce-ki-we-re" (Iowa), wanda ke fassara zuwa " Ni na mutanen ƙasar nan ne" ko kuma "Ni na waɗanda ke zaune a nan ne."

Sunaye

Kabilar Iowa tana nufin yaren su Báxoje ich'é ko Bah Kho Je (lafazi [ b̥aꜜxodʒɛ] itʃʼeꜜ ]</link> ). Yaren Otoe-Missouria ana kiransa Jíwere ich'é (lafazi: [ d̥ʒiꜜweɾɛ] itʃʼeꜜ ]</link> ). Rubutun Chiwere, wanda masana harshe suka fi amfani da shi, ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa harshe yana da bambancin buri maimakon bambancin murya (duba sashin sautin da ke ƙasa), don haka wanda ba a so ya tsaya /b̥ d̥ d̥ʒ ɡ̊/</link> ana yin sauti daban-daban [b d dʒ ɡ]</link> ko kuma ba a bayyana ba [p t tʃ k]</link> . Kodayake [tʃ]</link> ingantaccen lafazin sautin farko na Jiwere ~ Chiwere ne, yana iya ɓatar da masu magana da Ingilishi zuwa furta shi [tʃʰ]</link> .

Hakazalika, ilimin ƙamus na jama'a na Báxoje shine "hanci mai ƙura," bisa rashin fahimtar kalmar farko bá as pá, ko "hanci." Duk da haka, kabilar Iowa na Oklahoma ta ce Bah-Kho-Je na nufin "dusar ƙanƙara mai launin toka," saboda wuraren da suke sanyi da aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara mai launin toka da hayaƙin wuta.

Matsayi

Masu iya magana guda biyu na ƙarshe sun mutu a cikin hunturu na 1996, kuma kaɗan ne kawai na masu magana da kai suka rage, waɗanda dukansu tsofaffi ne, suna sa Chiwere cikin haɗari . Tun daga shekara ta 2006, kimanin mutane hudu na kabilar Otoe-Missouria na Indiyawa suna magana da harshen, yayin da mambobi 30 na kabilar Iowa na Oklahoma suna magana da yarensu. Kabilar Iowa na Oklahoma ta dauki nauyin tarurrukan yare a baya kuma suna fatan za su karbi bakuncin karin a nan gaba. Sun ba wa dattawan ƙabila kayan aikin rikodin don tattara kalmomi da waƙoƙin Chiwere. An yi amfani da tallafin NSF na 2012 don samar da damar dijital zuwa rikodin sauti na masu iya magana. An shirya Ranar Harshe da Al'adu na Otoe-Missouria na Shekara na Uku don Satumba 2012. Kabilar Otoe-Missouria ta Indiyawa tana kafa shirin yare tare da Jami'ar Oklahoma Sashen Nazarin Amirka na Asalin.