Harshen Dagbani
Dagbani (ko Dagbane), wanda aka fi sani da Dagbanli da Dagbanle, yare ne na Gur da ake amfani da shi a Ghana . An ƙiyasta masu magana da asalin ta kusan 3,160,000. Matsala ce ta tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a Masarautar Dagbon, wacce ta shafi gabashin yankin. Dagbani shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi a arewacin Ghana, musamman a cikin ƙabilu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Sarkin Dagbon, Ya-Na ke kulawa.[2][3]
| Harshen Dagbani | |
|---|---|
| Dagbanli | |
'Yan asalin magana |
harshen asali: 3,160,000 (2013) second language (en)  : 1,000,000 (2013) |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
dag |
| Glottolog |
dagb1246[1] |
Yana da kusanci da fahimtar juna tare da harshen Mampelle, ana kuma magana da shi a Yankin Arewa, Ghana . Dagbani shima yayi kama da sauran yarukan wannan karamin rukuni da ake magana da su a wannan Yankin, da Dagaare da kuma harshen Wala, ana magana da su a Yankin Yammacin Kasar Ghana, da kuma harshen Frafra, da ake magana da shi a Yankin Gabas ta Gabas na Ghana.
Yaruka
gyara sasheDagbani yana da babban yare tsakanin Dagbani na Gabas, wanda ya danganci garin Yendi babban birnin gargajiyar, da Yammacin Dagbani, wanda ya shafi cibiyar mulkin yankin Arewa, Tamale . Yaruka suna, duk da haka, ana iya fahimtar juna, kuma galibi sun ƙunshi wasula daban-daban a cikin wasu kalmomin , da nau'uka daban-daban ko lafazin wasu sunaye, musamman waɗanda ke magana game da fure na gari. Kalmomin Dagbani da Dagbanli da aka bayar a sama don sunan yaren suna bi da bi ne na yaren Gabas da Yamma, amma Kwamitin Ilimin Tarihin Dagbani ya warware cewa “An yanke shawarar cewa a cikin tsarin rubutun <Dagbani> ana amfani da shi don . . . Harshe, da <Dagbanli> ... zuwa rayuwa da al'ada "; a cikin yaren da ake magana, kowane yare yana amfani da sigar sunan ga duka ayyukan biyu.
Fasaha
gyara sasheWasula
gyara sasheDagbani yana da wasula guda goma sha ɗaya - gajeren wasali da dogaye wasula biyar:
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Babban | i | ɨ | u |
| Tsakiyar | e | o | |
| .Asa | a |
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Babban | iː | uː | |
| Tsakiyar | eː | oː | |
| .Asa | aː |
Olawsky (1999) ya sanya schwa (ə) a maimakon /ɨ/, saɓanin sauran masu bincike kan yaren waɗanda ke amfani da mafi girman magana /ɨ/ . Bambance -bambancen dangane da ci gaban harshe an tabbatar dashi sosai ga 4 daga waɗannan wasula: [i] ~ [ɪ]/[ə], [e] ~ [ɛ], [u] ~ [ʊ] da [o] ~ [ɔ] .
Bakandamiya
gyara sashe| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial-velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsaya | Ba shi da murya | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| Murya | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| Hanci | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋ͡m | ||
| Fricative | Ba shi da murya | f | s | ||||
| Murya | v | z | |||||
| Kaikaice | l | ||||||
| Mai kusanci | ʋ | r | j | ||||
Sautin
gyara sasheDagbani yare ne na tonal wanda a cikinsa ake amfani da muryar don rarrabe kalmomi, kamar yadda a cikin gballi [ɡbálːɪ́] (high-high) 'kabari' vs. gballi [ɡbálːɪ̀] (high-low) 'zana mat'. [4] Tsarin sautin na Dagbani yana da alamun sauti iri biyu da ƙasa (sakamako mai raguwa da ke faruwa tsakanin jerin sauti iri ɗaya).
Tsarin rubutu
gyara sashe
Ana rubuta Dagbani a cikin haruffan Boko tare da ƙarin haruffa ɛ, ɣ, ŋ, ɔ, da ʒ, da na haɗin ch, gb, kp, ŋm, sh da ny . Adadin karatu ya kasance 2-3% ne kawai. Ana sa ran wannan kaso ya tashi tunda Dagbani yanzu ya zama tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a duk faɗin Dagbon . Tsarin rubutun yanzu ana amfani dashi (Kwamitin ilimin rubutun gargajiya / d (1998)) yana wakiltar yawan rarrabuwar alofonik. Alamar sauti ba.[5][6]
| a | b | ch | d | e | ɛ | f | g | gb | ɣ | h | i | j | k | kp | l | m | n | ny | ŋ | o | ɔ | shafi na | r | s | sh | t | u | w | y | z | ʒ | '' |
Nahawu
gyara sasheDagbani yana da mahimmanci, amma tare da wasu haɗin fuskoki. Tsarin doka a cikin jumlar Dagbani yawanci abu ne na wakilci .
Littafin kalmomi
gyara sasheAkwai fahimta game da matakin tarihin harshe a cikin takardu na Rudolf Fisch wanda ke nuna bayanan da aka tattara yayin aikin mishan a cikin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Togo na Jamusanci a ƙarshen kwata na ƙarshen karni na sha tara, musamman mahimman kalmomin lafazi, duk da cewa akwai kuma wasu bayanai na nahawu da matani samfurin. Wani sabon ƙamus na zamani ya buga a cikin 1934 ta wani jami'in Kudancin Ghana na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, E. Foster Tamakloe, a cikin 1934, tare da bugu na Burtaniya Harold Blair. Editoci daban-daban sun kara zuwa jerin kalmomin kuma an samar da cikakken littafin a 2003 daga wani malamin Dagomba, Ibrahim Mahama. A cewar masanin ilimin harshe Salifu Nantogma Alhassan, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa akwai matakan ma'aurata masu nasaba da jinsi a cikin harshen Dagbani tare da "ƙarin Laƙabin da ke raina mata fiye da na maza." A halin yanzu, John Miller Chernoff da Roger Blench (waɗanda aka buga sigar su ta yanar gizo) kuma suka canza su zuwa hanyar tattara bayanai ta hanyar Tony Naden, a kan hakan ne ake samun cikakken ƙamus na ƙamus ɗin kuma ana iya duba shi kan layi
Malaman harshen Dagbani
gyara sashe- Fusheini Hudu
- Knut Olawsky
- Roger Blench
- Tony Naden
Manazarta
gyara sashe- Shafin Farko na Knut Olawsky
- Taskar Labaran Kundin Tsarin Siyasa na UCLA - Dagbani
- Dagbani kasahorow dictionary
- Kamus din Dagbane (PDF)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Dagbani". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Naden, Tony (1989). Gur. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. pp. 141–168.
- ↑ Bendor-Samuel, John T. [ed.] (1989). The Niger-Congo Languages. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑ Olawsky 1997
- ↑ Denteh, A. C. (Andrew Crakye) (1974). Spoken Dagbani for non-Dagbani beginners. Pointer. OCLC 4602509.
- ↑ Olawsky, Knut J. (2003-01-02), "What is a word in Dagbani?", Word, Cambridge University Press, pp. 205–226, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486241.009, ISBN 978-0-521-81899-5