Kwallo
Kwallo abu ne mai siffa a zagaye (yawanci mai siffar zobe, amma wani lokacin yana iya zama a mul-mule)
[1] tare da yin amfani dashi ta hanyoyi da dama. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ƙwallo don ayyuka masu sauƙi, kamar wasan kamawa ko bugawa a waje ɗaya .
Mutanen Espanya su ne Turawa na farko da suka ga ƙwallo na robar (ko da yake ma amma ba a kumbura ba) waɗanda aka yi amfani da su musamman a cikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Mesoamerican .
Asalin Kalmar Kwallo (Ball)
gyara sasheSanin farko da aka yi amfani da kalmar ball a Turanci a cikin ma'anar jikin duniya da ake wasa da shi shine a cikin 1205 a cikin Layamon's Brut, ko Chronicle na Biritaniya a cikin jimlar, "Summe heo driuen balles wide ȝeond Þa feldes." Kalmar ta fito ne daga tsakiyar Turanci bal (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ball-e, -es, bi da bi daga Old Norse böllr (lafazir [bɔlːr]; kwatanta Tsohon Yaren mutanen Sweden baller, da Swedish boll) daga Proto-Jamus ballu-z (inda mai yiwuwa tsakiya Babban German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal), cognate tare da Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle daga Proto-Jamus * ballon (rauni namiji), da Tsohon Babban Jamus ballâ, pallâ, Tsakiyar High Jamus balle , Proto-Jamus * ballôn (mai rauni na mata). An cognate da Latin foll-shine a cikin ma'anar "abu da aka busa ko kuma kumbura." A cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Turanci balle kalmar ta zo daidai da zane tare da "ball" na Faransanci da "bale" wanda saboda haka an zaci kuskure. don zama tushen sa na ƙwallon Faransa (amma ba boule) ana ɗauka ya kasance na asalin Jamusanci, da kansa, duk da haka, a cikin tsohuwar Girka kalmar πάλλα (palla) don "ball" an tabbatar da ita a gefen kalmar σφαιρα (sfaíra), sphere.
Tarihi
gyara sasheAna samun wani nau'i na wasa tare da ƙwallon da aka kwatanta akan abubuwan tarihi na Masar. a cikin homer, nausicaa tana wasa a ƙwallon tare da kuyanginta lokacin da Odysseus ya fara ganinta a ƙasar Phaeacians (Od. vi. 100). Kuma Halios da Laodamas sun yi a gaban Alcinous da Odysseus da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, tare da rawa (Od. viii. 370). An gano tsoffin ƙwallo a cikin Eurasia a Karasahr, China kuma suna da shekaru 3000. An yi su da fata mai cike da gashi.
Girkawa na da Daga cikin tsoffin Helenawa, wasanni tare da kwallaye (σφαῖραι) ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mai amfani mai amfani ga mafi yawan motsa jiki na motsa jiki, a matsayin hanyar kiyaye jiki mai laushi, da sanya shi kyakkyawa, amma gabaɗaya an bar su ga yara maza da mata. Daga cikin ka'idoji na yau da kullun don wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, kaɗan kaɗan sun rage, idan akwai irin wannan. Sunaye a cikin Hellenanci don nau'o'i daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo mana a cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar Ὀνομαστικόν na Julius Pollux, suna nuna kaɗan ko ba komai na irin waɗannan; don haka, ἀπόρραξις (aporraxis) kawai yana nufin sanya kwallon a kasa da hannu buda-baki, οὐρανία (ourania), bugun kwallon a iska don kamawa da 'yan wasa biyu ko fiye; φαινίνδα (phaininda) zai zama kamar wasa ne na kama mutane biyu ko fiye, inda ake amfani da feinting azaman gwajin sauri da fasaha. Pollux (i. x. 104) ya ambaci wani wasa mai suna episkyros (ἐπίσκυρος), wanda galibi ana kallonsa a matsayin asalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ga alama an yi ta ne ta bangarori biyu, an jera su a layi; yadda har akwai wani nau'i na "manufa" da alama babu tabbas. Ba shi yiwuwa a samar da ƙwallon da ke da sifofi; Yara kan yi nasu kwallon ne ta hanyar hura mafitsarar alade da dumama su a cikin tokar wuta domin su yi zagaye, ko da yake Plato (fl. 420s BC – 340s BC) ya bayyana “ballan da ke da mayafin fata guda goma sha biyu”.
Romawa na da A cikin Rumawa, ana kallon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin madaidaicin wanka, kuma an kammala karatun shekaru da lafiyar masu wanka, kuma yawanci ana keɓe musu wuri (sphaeristerium) a cikin wanka (thermae). Da alama an sami nau'o'i ko girman ball guda uku, pila, ko ƙaramar ball, da ake amfani da su wajen kama wasanni, arna, ƙwallon ƙafa mai nauyi da gashin fuka-fukai, da follis, ƙwallon fata mai cike da iska, mafi girma a cikin ukun. . An buga wannan daga mai kunnawa zuwa mai kunnawa, wanda ya sa wani irin gauntlet a hannu. Akwai wani wasa da aka fi sani da trigon, wanda 'yan wasa uku ke tsaye a sifar triangle, suka buga da follis, da kuma wanda aka fi sani da harpastum, wanda da alama yana nufin "zama" tsakanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da dama. Waɗannan wasannin an san mu ta wurin Romawa, kodayake sunayen Helenanci ne.
Wasannin ball na zamani Wasannin zamani daban-daban da ake yin su da ƙwallon ƙafa ko ƙwallon ƙafa kuma suna bin ƙa'idodi da sunaye daban-daban, kamar polo, cricket, ƙwallon ƙafa da sauransu.
Physics A cikin wasanni, yawancin bukukuwa na zamani suna matsawa. Wasu suna matsa lamba a masana'anta (misali tennis, squash (wasanni)) wasu kuma suna matsa lamba ta masu amfani (misali ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon ƙafa). Kusan duk ƙwallayen da aka matse a hankali suna zubar da iska. Idan ƙwallon masana'anta yana matsa lamba, yawanci akwai ka'ida game da ko ƙwallon yana riƙe da isasshen matsi don kasancewa mai iya wasa. Ƙwallon da aka ba da hankali ba su da billa kuma galibi ana kiran su "matattu". A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ƙwallon da ya mutu ya zama mara kyau. Idan ƙwallon yana matsawa akan amfani, akwai ƙa'idodi gabaɗaya game da yadda ake matsa ƙwallon ƙwallon kafin wasan, da kuma lokacin (ko ko) ana iya murƙushe ƙwallon ko maye gurbin.
Saboda ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas, matsin ball aiki ne na zafin jiki, gabaɗaya bin yanayin yanayi. Ƙwallon ƙafa masu laushi waɗanda aka buga da ƙarfi (musamman ƙwallo na kambi) suna ƙaruwa a cikin zafin jiki saboda karon da ba su da ƙarfi.
A cikin wasanni na waje, ƙwallo rigar suna wasa daban da busassun bukukuwa. A cikin wasanni na cikin gida, ƙwallaye na iya zama datti saboda gumin hannu. Duk wani nau'i na zafi ko damshi zai yi tasiri akan gogaggun ƙwallon ƙwallon, wanda zai canza ikon ɗan wasa na ba da juzu'i akan ƙwallon. Ayyukan da ake buƙata don amfani da juzu'i zuwa ƙwallon yana gudana ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi na lokacin angular. Ƙwallon ƙafar da ke tafiya ta iska (na fasaha na ruwa) za su fuskanci tasirin Magnus, wanda zai iya haifar da juzu'i na gefe baya ga na yau da kullun na sama-ƙasa wanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da juriya na iska da nauyi.
Kwallaye zagayayyu
Yada ƙwallan spheroid
Wasanni da yawa suna amfani da ball a cikin siffar prolate spheroid:
- ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations: 1985–1999". U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register. 5 November 1999. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017 – via Google Books.