Pyrrhus ko Epirus

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Epirote ne. Don sauran amfani, duba Pyrrhus.

Pyrrhus Basileus

Wani dutsen marmara na Pyrrhus daga Villa na Papyri a wurin Roman Herculaneum, yanzu a cikin National Archaeological Museum of Naples, Italiya

Sarkin Epirus297-272 BC[1] (sarauta ta biyu)Magabaci Neoptolemus IISuccessorAlexander IIReign307-302 BC[1](sarautar farko)MagabaciAlcetas IISuccessorNeoptolemus IIKing na MacedonMasarauta274-272Bredecessor trius ISuccessorAntigonus IITMarigayi na SyracuseSarkin 278-276 BCPredcessorThinion & SosistratusMagajiHiero II

Haihuwa 319 BC

gyara sashe

Epirus, Girka Ya rasu a shekara ta 272 BC (yana da kusan shekara 46) Argos, Peloponnese, Ma'auratan Girka

Antigone

Lanassa

Bircenna

Batu

Olympias

Ptolemy

Alexander II

Helenus

DaularAeacidaeUbaAeacides Mahaifiyar PhthiaAddiniHellenism Aikin soja Yaƙe-yaƙe/yaƙe-yaƙe

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Diadochi

Yakin Ipsus

Yakin Pyrrhic

Yaƙin Heraclea

Yakin Asculum

Siege na Syracuse

Siege na Lilybaeum

Yaƙin Mashigin Messina

Yaƙin Beneventum

Pyrrhus ta mamaye Peloponnese

Siege na Sparta

Yakin Argos

Hellenanci: Πύρρος Pýrrhos; 319/318-272 BC) sarkin Girka ne kuma ɗan siyasa na zamanin Hellenistic.[1] [2]Plutarch. Parallel Lives, "Pyrrhu</ref>[3] 6] Shi ne sarkin Molossians,[4] [7] na gidan Aeacid na sarauta, [8] kuma daga baya ya zama sarki (Malalas kuma ya kira shi toparch) [9] na Epirus. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu adawa da farko na Roma, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan janar-janar na zamanin da.[10] ==Yaƙe-yaƙe na nasara da yawa sun jawo masa hasarar da ba za a yarda da shi ba, daga inda aka samo kalmar "Nasara ta Pyrrhic".

Pyrrhus ya zama sarkin Epirus a shekara ta 306 BC yana dan shekara 13, amma Cassander ya tsige shi bayan shekaru hudu. Ya ga aiki a lokacin yakin Diadochi kuma ya sake samun kursiyinsa a shekara ta 297 BC tare da goyon bayan Ptolemy I Soter. A lokacin abin da aka fi sani da Yaƙin Pyrrhic, Pyrrhus ya yi yaƙi da Roma bisa ga umarnin Tarentum, inda ya ci nasara mai tsada a Heraclea da Asculum. Ya ci gaba da mamaye Sicily daga Carthage amma ba da daɗewa ba aka kore shi, kuma ya rasa duk abin da ya samu a Italiya bayan yakin Beneventum a 275 BC.

Pyrrhus ya kwace kursiyin Macedonia daga Antigonus II Gonatas a cikin 274 BC kuma ya mamaye Peloponnese a cikin 272 BC. Harin Epirote a kan Sparta ya ci tura, duk da haka, an kashe Pyrrhus a lokacin yakin titi a Argos.

h

Etymology

gyara sashe

Pyrrhus na Latinized ya samo asali ne daga Pyrrhos na Helenanci (/ ˈpɪrəs /; Greek: Πύρρος), ma'ana harshen wuta-kamar ko mai ƙonewa, wanda aka samo daga kalmar Pyr (/ ˈpɪr /; Greek: Πύρ) ma'ana wuta da ƙari -ros (/ rəs) ; Greek: ρος) ma'ana -mai iya ko "dangantaka da".[11] A cewar wasu, ainihin ma'anar sunan "mai zafi ne, launin ja", kuma an yi amfani da shi musamman wajen nuna jajayen gashi.[12] An kuma yi amfani da Pyrrhos azaman madadin sunan Neoptolemus, ɗan Achilles da gimbiya Deidamia a cikin tatsuniyar Helenanci ta Homeric.[11]

Rayuwar farko

gyara sashe

Ceto matashin Pyrrhus bayan tawaye ga mahaifinsa Aeacides na Epirus.na Nicolas Poussin (ca. 1634)

A cikin c. 319 BC, an haifi Pyrrhus ga yarima Aeacides na Epirus, [13] da Phthia, wata mace mai daraja ta Tasaliyya, 'yar Tasaliya ta Janar Menon. Aeacides dan uwan ​​Olympias ne, yana mai da Pyrrhus dan uwan ​​​​na biyu ga Alexander the Great. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu: Deidamiya da Taruwasa. A cikin 319/318 BC, Arrybas, mahaifin Aeacides kuma mai mulkin Epirus, ya mutu ya bar Epirus zuwa ga sarakunan Aeacides da Neoptolemus.

Aeacides sun goyi bayan Olympias a yakin da ta yi da Cassander kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Macedon. A cikin 317 BC, lokacin da Pyrrhus ke da shekaru biyu kawai, Olympias ya sake neman goyon bayan Aeacides kuma ya sake tafiya zuwa Macedon a karo na biyu. Da yawa daga cikin sojojinsa ba sa son hidimar da suke yi kuma sun yi tawaye. Aeacides ya saki wadannan sojoji daga cikin sojojinsa, amma sakamakon haka sojojinsa sun yi kadan ba su iya cimma wani abu ba. Lokacin da 'yan ta'adda suka isa Epirus sun haifar da tawaye ga sarkinsu da ba ya nan kuma aka sauke Aeacides. Cassander ya aika da ɗaya daga cikin janar ɗinsa, Lyciscus, don yin aiki a matsayin mai mulki ga Neoptolemus wanda bai kai shekaru ba. Epirus a zahiri ya zama mulkin tsana na Cassander. Iyalin Pyrrhus sun gudu daga arewa suka fake da Glaucias na Taulantians, daya daga cikin manyan kabilun Illyrian.[6] Beroea, matar Glaucias, Molossian na daular Aeacidae ne ya girma Pyrrhus.[4][14] Cassander ya yi yaƙi da Glaucias, ya ci sojojinsa kuma ya kama Apollonia. Glaucias ya yi alkawari ba zai yi wa Cassander ba, amma ya ƙi ya bar Pyrrhus da iyalinsa.[15]

Nicolas-René Jollain ya gabatar da Pyrrhus jariri ga Sarki Glaucias (ca. 1779)

gyara sashe

A shekara ta 313 BC, Cassander ya shagala da yaƙin da ya yi da Antigonus Monophthalmus, ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi na Diadochi. Saboda tsoron mamayewa daga Asiya Ƙarama, inda Antigonus ke ƙarfafa sojojinsa, ya karkata hankalinsa daga yamma zuwa gabas. Aeacides sun yi amfani da yanayin kuma sun koma Epirus. Ga dukkan alamu ya sake samun farin jini kuma ya tara sojoji masu yawa. Cassander ya aika da sojoji ƙarƙashin ɗan'uwansa Philip wanda ya ci Aeacides a yaƙe-yaƙe biyu. Aeacides ya sami rauni a yakin karshe kuma ya mutu ba da jimawa ba.[15]

Mulkin farko

gyara sashe

Bust na Pyrrhus na Epirus, kwafin Roman na asalin Girkanci a cikin Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek a Copenhagen

A cikin 307 BC, Glaucias ya mamaye Epirus kuma ya sanya Pyrrhus a kan karaga. Pyrrhus yana ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya kawai, don haka waliyansa suka yi mulki a madadinsa har ya girma[16]. Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha bakwai ya tafi kotun Glaucias a Illyria don halartar bikin auren daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Glaucias. Yayin da yake cikin Illyria Molossians sun tashi cikin tawaye, suka kori magoya bayan Pyrrhus, suka mayar da Neoptolemus kan karaga. A wannan lokacin Glaucias ya kasa taimaka masa.[17]

Pyrrhus ya yi tafiya zuwa Peloponnese kuma ya yi hidima ga surukinsa Demetrius Poliorcetes wanda ya auri 'yar uwarsa Deidamia, wanda ke yakin Cassander a kudancin Girka.

Yakin Ipsus

gyara sashe

Babban labarin: Yaƙin Ipsus

A cikin 302 BC, Demetrius ya ɗauki sojojinsa zuwa Asiya Ƙarama don tallafawa mahaifinsa Antigonus Monophthalmus. Pyrrhus ya burge Antigonus saboda ana jin cewa Pyrrhus zai zama babban janar a zamaninsa, idan ya rayu tsawon rai[18].

Antigonus ya yi girma da ƙarfi kuma sauran magada, Seleucus, Lysimachus, Ptolemy da Cassander, sun haɗa kai a kansa. Lysimachus da Seleucus, waɗanda sojojin Cassander biyu suka ƙarfafa su, sun tattara sojojinsu.a Asiya Ƙarama kuma sun yi tafiya a Antigonus. Sojojin biyu sun hadu a Ipsus a Firijiya. Yakin Ipsus shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi muhimmanci a yakin magada. Wataƙila Pyrrhus ya yi yaƙi da Demetrius a gefen dama, wurin girmamawa, kuma ya yi bajintar bajinta a cikin mayaka. Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, Antigonus ya rasa duka yaƙin da rayuwarsa. Demetrius, wanda ya yi nasara a reshensa, ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da mutane 9,000, kuma Pyrrhus ya ci gaba da bauta wa surukinsa yayin da ya fara sake gina daular Antigonus.[19]

A cikin 298 BC, an yi garkuwa da Pyrrhus zuwa Alexandria, a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka yi tsakanin Demetrius da Ptolemy I Soter. A can, ya auri ’yar uwar Ptolemy I Antigone (’yar Berenice ta I na Masar daga mijinta na farko Filibus—da, matar Ptolemy I da kuma ɗan Masedonia). A cikin 297 BC, Cassander ya mutu kuma Ptolemy, ko da yaushe yana neman abokansa, ya yanke shawarar taimakawa wajen mayar da Pyrrhus zuwa mulkinsa. Ya ba Pyrrhus maza da kuɗi kuma ya mayar da shi zuwa Epirus.[20]

Mulki na biyu

gyara sashe

Bust na Demetrius I na Makidoniya, ƙarni na farko AD Kwafin Roman na asali na Hellenanci daga karni na 3 BC.

Pyrrhus ya koma Epirus a shugaban sojoji, amma bai yarda ya yi yaƙin basasa ba, ya yarda ya yi mulkin Epirus tare da Neoptolemus. Ba da daɗewa ba, sarakunan biyu suka fara ƙulla wa juna makirci. An sanar da Pyrrhus game da wani makirci da aka yi wa rayuwarsa kuma ya yanke shawarar fara buge shi. Ya gayyaci Neoptolemus zuwa cin abinci kuma ya sa aka kashe shi. Wannan aikin ba ya zama wanda ba a san shi ba kamar yadda girman Epirus ya yi kama da sadaukarwa gare shi.[21]

A cikin 295 BC, Pyrrhus ya mayar da babban birnin mulkinsa zuwa Ambracia. A cikin 292 BC, ya tafi yaƙi da tsohon abokinsa kuma surukinsa Demetrius ta hanyar mamaye Thessaly yayin da Demetrius ke kewaye da Thebes. Demetrius ya amsa nan da nan; sai ya bar wa dansa Antigonus Gonatas kawanya ya koma arewa a gaban shugaban wata babbar runduna[22]. Pyrrhus, ya fi yawa, ya koma Epirus.[23]

Yayin da yake dawowa cikin Epirus, Pyrrhus ya sake samun koma baya. Matarsa ​​ta biyu, Lanassa, 'yar sarkin Sicily Agathocles na Syracuse mai kiran kansa, ta rabu da shi. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ’yar Sarkin Girika, ba za ta iya jurewa ta raba gidanta da mata ’yan iska ba. Ta gudu zuwa Corcyra da sadakinta, ta miƙa shi da kanta ga Dimitiriyas. Ya karɓa, ya tashi zuwa tsibirin kuma ya mallaki Corcyra da Lanassa. Bayan ya koma sojojinsa a ƙasar Girka, Demetrius ya shirya ya mamaye Epirus. A cikin 289 BC, ya mamaye abokan Pyrrhus, ƙungiyar Aetolian, yana fatan ya kawar da su kafin ya mamaye Epirus. Aetolians sun ƙi yaƙi kuma suka koma cikin tuddai. Bayan ya kori yankunan Aetolian, Demetrius ya bar wani karfi mai karfi a karkashin babban Janar Pantauchus a Aetolia kuma ya tafi Epirus. A halin yanzu, Pyrrhus ya tayar da sojojinsa kuma yana tafiya don ceton abokansa Aetolian. Runduna biyu, a kan hanyoyi daban-daban, sun bi juna kuma Demetrius ya fara kwashe Epirus yayin da Pyrrhus ya hadu da Pantauchus a yakin.

Pyrrhus yana da yawancin sojojin Epirus tare da shi, watakila 20,000-25,000 maza, yayin da Pantauchus ya ba da umurni amma wani rukunin sojojin Demetrius wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 11,000. Fadan ya yi tsanani, kuma a cewar majiyoyin Pantauchus da Pyrrhus sun nemi juna. Pantauchus ya kalubalanci Pyrrhus ga yakin mutum guda, kumaPyrrhus ya karba. Bayan jifan juna da mashi ne suka gwabza da takubba. Pyrrhus ya ji rauni, amma daga baya ya raunata abokin hamayyarsa sau biyu, a cinya da kuma a wuya. Masu tsaron Pantauchus sun tafi da shi. Ƙarfafawa da nasarar sarkinsu, Epirotes suka ci gaba da kai hari suka karya sojojin Pantauchus, suka kama fursunoni 5,000. Sojojin sun girmama Pyrrhus ta hanyar ba shi sunan 'Eagle'. Demetrius, da jin nasarar Pyrrhus, ya koma Makidoniya. Pyrrhus ya saki fursunoninsa ya koma Epirus.[24]

A cikin 289 BC, Pyrrhus, da sanin cewa Demetrius ba shi da lafiya, ya mamaye Makidoniya. Tunaninsa na asali shine kawai ya kai hari da washe, amma da Dimitiriyas ya kasa jagorantar sojojinsa, kusan bai fuskanci adawa ba. Pyrrhus ya shiga har zuwa tsohon babban birnin Macedonia na Aegae kafin Demetrius ya isa filin wasa. Tun da Dimitiriyas ya ba da umurni ga babbar runduna, Pyrrhus ba shi da wani zaɓi face ya ja da baya.[25]

Demetrius, kamar yadda Pyrrhus, ya yi shirin mamaye Asiya, ya kwato tsoffin yankunan mahaifinsa. Da farko ya yi sulhu da Pyrrhus ya ba shi dukiyarsa a Makidoniya yayin da yake riƙe da Corcyra da Leucas, sa'an nan ya fara tara sojoji masu yawa da kuma babbar rundunar ruwa.[26] Da yake fuskantar wannan barazanar, ɗayan Diadochi Lysimachus, Ptolemy, da Seleucus suka haɗa kai da shi. Sarakunan nan uku sun aika da ofisoshin jakadanci zuwa Pyrrhus suna ƙoƙarin samun nasara a kan su ko kuma aƙalla su sa shi ya kasance tsaka tsaki. Idan abokan gaba sun yi nasara kuma Pyrrhus ya kasance tsaka tsaki ba zai sami komai ba. Idan kuma Demetrius zai yi nasara zai iya mamaye Pyrrhus a kowane lokaci a nan gaba. Kiyayyar da Pyrrhus ke yi da Demetrius mai yiwuwa ta taka rawar gani a shawararsa ta shiga kawancen.[27]

A cikin 288 BC, sarakunan ƙawance sun fara yaƙin Demetrius. Ptolemy ya hau jirgin ruwa tare da abokanan Dimitiriyas na Girka tare da manyan jiragen ruwa. Lysimachus ya mamaye Makidoniya ta sama daga Thrace. Pyrrhus ya jira har sai Demetrius ya yi yaƙi da Lisimakus sannan ya mamaye kudancin Makidoniya. Dole ne Demetrius ya yi tunanin cewa Pyrrhus ba zai warware yarjejeniyarsa ba, domin yammaci da kudancin Makidoniya sun faɗi ba tare da hamayya ba. A halin yanzu, Dimitiriyas ya ci nasara a kan Lisimakus kusa da Amfipolis. Da sojojin Makidoniya suka ji cewa Pyrrhus ya mamaye ƙasarsu, sai suka kai wa Dimitiriyas hari. Sun kosa da mulkinsa na mulkin kama karya da manyan tsare-tsare kuma sun ki ci gaba. Daga nan Demetrius ya jagoranci sojojinsa a kan Pyrrhus, mai yiwuwa yana fatan cewa mutanen Makidoniya za su fi son yaƙar wani mahara na waje maimakon Lysimachus, tsohon soja na Iskandari. Abin baƙin ciki ga Demetrius, sojojinsa sun koshi da shi har suka gudu zuwa Pyrrhus kuma dole ne ya gudu. Ba da daɗewa ba Lisimakus ya haɗu da Pyrrhus kuma suka yanke shawarar raba sarautar Makidoniya.[28]

Demetrius ya tara sabbin sojoji a ƙasar Girka kuma ya kewaye Athens, waɗanda suka yi tawaye ga gwamnatin yar tsana da ya kafa. Mutanen Athens sun yi kira ga Pyrrhus don taimako kuma ya sake tafiya da Dimitiriyas. Wannan ya sa Dimitiriyas ya ɗaga kewayen. Mutanen Athens sun gode wa Pyrrhus ta hanyar kafa masa bust tare da ba shi damar shiga cikin birni don bikin. Duk da haka, ba su ƙyale sojojinsa su shiga cikin birnin ba, watakila suna tsoron Pyrrhus ya kafa sansanin soja kuma ya mai da kansa mai mulkin Athens. Pyrrhus yayi mafi yawan yanayinkuma ya shawarci mutanen Atina cewa kada su sake wani sarki ya shiga birninsu[29].

Pyrrhus da Dimitiriyas sun sake yin zaman lafiya, amma, kamar duk yarjejeniyar da ta gabata, ba ta dawwama ba. Lokacin da Dimitiriyas, a cikin 286 BC, ya mamaye Asiya don ya kai hari ga yankunan Asiya na Lysimachus, Lysimachus ya nemi Pyrrhus ya mamaye Thessaly kuma daga can ya kai hari ga sojojin Dimitiriyas a Girka. Pyrrhus ya yarda, mai yiwuwa domin ya sa sojojinsa na Macedonia masu ɓarke ​​​​ya shagaltu da yin tawaye da kuma samun nasara cikin sauƙi a kan raunanan Antigonids[30]. Ya yi sauri ya ci Antigonus Gonatas, ɗan Demetrius, wanda ya ba da Tassaliya don ya yi sulhu. Daular Girka ta Pyrrhus yanzu tana kan matakinsa: ya yi mulkin Epirus mai girma, rabin Makidoniya, da Tassaliya[29].

A cikin 285 BC, Seleucus ya ci Demetrius. Wannan ya 'yantar da hannun Lisimakus wanda ya yanke shawarar kawar da abokin aikinsa a Makidoniya. Da farko ya ware Pyrrhus daga abokansa na gargajiya Ptolemies, ta hanyar auren Arsinoe II, 'yar'uwar Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga Aetolian, manyan abokan Pyrrhus a Girka. Pyrrhus ya ji barazanar isa ya kulla kawance da Antigonus Gonatas. A cikin shekara ta 284 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Lysimachus ya mamaye rabin Makidoniya da babbar runduna ta Pyrrhus.[31] Ba zai iya tsayayya da babban sojojin Lysimachus ba, Pyrrhus ya ja da baya kuma ya haɗu da Antigonus Gonatas. Lysimachus ya fara kamfen na farfaganda inda ya yi kira ga kishin kasar Makidoniya da ke bauta wa Pyrrhus. Ya tuna musu cewa Pyrrhus baƙon sarki ne alhali shi kansa ɗan Makidoniya ne na gaske. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara. Tare da sojojinsa na Makidoniya suna juya masa baya Pyrrhus ba shi da wani zaɓi face ya janye zuwa Epirus. Lysimachus ya mamaye Epirus kuma ya kwashi ganima a shekara mai zuwa. Pyrrhus bai yi hamayya da Lysimakus ba domin wataƙila yana yaƙi ne a Illyria a arewa. A cewar Pausanius, “Pyrrhus yana yawo kamar yadda ya saba”[32].

Gwagwarmaya da Roma

gyara sashe

Babban labarin: Yaƙin Pyrrhic

Hanyoyin da aka yi wa Roma a Yaƙin Pyrrhic (280-275 BC)

Birnin Tarentum na Girka na kudancin Italiya, ya yi karo da Roma saboda saba wa tsohuwar yarjejeniya da ta kayyade cewa Roma ba za ta aika da jiragen yaki zuwa Tekun Tarintine ba.[33] A cikin 282 BC, Romawa sun kafa garrisons a cikin garuruwan Girka na Thuri (a yammacin ƙarshen Terentine Gulf), Locri, da Rhegium, kuma suka aika da jiragen ruwa zuwa Thuri. Ko da yake an tsara wannan a matsayin ma'auni ga mutanen Italiya na Lucania, Tarentine sun firgita kuma suka kai hari ga Romawa a Thurii, suka kori sojojin Roma daga birnin kuma suka nutsar da jiragen ruwa na Roma da yawa. Tarentum yanzu ya fuskanci harin Romawa da wasu shan kashi, sai dai idan za su iya neman taimakon manyan iko. Roma ta riga ta mai da kanta cikin babban iko, kuma tana shirin mamaye duk garuruwan Girka da ke Magna Graecia. Tarentines sun nemi Pyrrhus ya jagoranci yakinsu da Romawa.[6][34] An ƙarfafa Pyrrhus don taimaka wa Tarentine ta Oracle na Delphi. Ya gane yiwuwar zana wa kansa daula a Italiya. Ya yi kawance da Ptolemy Keraunos, Sarkin Macedon kuma makwabcinsa mafi girma, kuma ya isa Italiya a shekara ta 280 BC.[35]

Pyrrhus da giwayensa

gyara sashe

Pyrrhus ya shiga Italiya ne da dakaru wanda ya kunshi sojojin kasa 20,000, dawakai 3,000, da maharba 2,000, da maharba 500, da giwayen yaki 20 a yunkurinsu na cin galaba a kan Romawa.[6] An ba da rance ga giwayenPtolemy II Philadelphus, wanda kuma ya yi alkawarin sojoji 9,000 da wasu giwaye 50 don kare Epirus yayin da Pyrrhus da sojojinsa ba su nan.

Saboda manyan sojojin dawakinsa, giwayensa da mayaƙansa na phalanx, ya yi galaba a kan Romawa, karkashin jagorancin Consul Publius Valerius Laevinus, a yakin Heraclea a 280 BC, [36] a lardin Romawa na Lucania. Akwai majiyoyi masu karo da juna game da wadanda suka jikkata. Hieronymus na Cardia ya ba da rahoton cewa Romawa sun yi asarar kusan 7,000 yayin da Pyrrhus ya rasa sojoji 3,000, ciki har da yawancin mafi kyawunsa; Dionysius ya ba da ra'ayi mafi girma game da matattun Romawa 15,000 da 13,000 Epirot.[37] Ƙabilu da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da Lucanians, Bruttii, Messapians, da garuruwan Croton da Locri na Girka, sun shiga Pyrrhus. Sai ya ba wa Romawa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya wadda a ƙarshe aka ƙi. Pyrrhus yayi ƙoƙari ya kori Campania daga hannun Romawa, amma ƙarfafawar sojojin Laevinus ya ci tura. Daga nan ya yi gaba da gaba ga Roma da kanta, amma ya ga kariyar ta ta yi yawa. A halin yanzu, Romawa sun yi sulhu da Etruscans kuma sun tuna Tiberius Coruncanius, wani jakada, wanda ke tafiya da sojojinsa zuwa kudu daga Etruria zuwa Roma. Yanzu Pyrrhus ya fuskanci runduna uku; sansanin Roma, Laevinus daga kudu da Curuncanius daga arewa. Ba ya so a kama shi tsakanin runduna uku, Pyrrhus ya koma Tarentum, inda ya yi sanyi da dakarunsa.[38]

Lokacin da Pyrrhus ya mamaye Apulia (279 BC), runduna biyu sun hadu a yakin Asculum, inda Pyrrhus ya ci nasara mai tsada[34]. Consul Publius Decius Mus shi ne kwamandan Roma, kuma yayin da karfinsa ya ci nasara a karshe, sun kusan yi nasarar karya bayan sojojin Pyrrhus 'Epirot, suna tabbatar da tsaron Roma kanta. A ƙarshe, Romawa sun yi asarar maza 6,000 da Pyrrhus 3,500 ciki har da jami'ai da yawa.[6] Daga baya Pyrrhus ya yi sharhi game da nasarar da ya samu a Asculum, yana mai cewa: “Idan muka ci nasara a wani yakin da muka yi da Romawa, za mu lalace gaba daya”[39]. Daga rahotannin wannan babban almara ne kalmar nasarar Pyrrhic ta samo asali.

Sarkin Sicily

gyara sashe

A cikin 278 BC, Pyrrhus ya karɓi hadayu guda biyu lokaci guda. Garuruwan Girka a Sicily sun tambaye shi ya zo ya kori Carthage, wanda tare da Roma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan iko biyu na Yammacin Bahar Rum. A lokaci guda kuma, mutanen Makidoniya, waɗanda aka kashe Sarkinsu Ptolemy Keraunos ta wurin Gauls masu mamaye, sun nemi Pyrrhus ya hau gadon sarautar Makidoniya. Pyrrhus ya yanke shawarar cewa Sicily ta ba shi dama mafi girma, kuma ya tafi da sojojinsa a can.[6]

A cikin 278 BC, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya bar sojojinsa a Sicily, ya ɗaga Siege na Carthaginian na Syracuse. An yi shelar Pyrrhus Sarkin Sicily. Ya riga ya yi shiri don ɗansa Helenus, jikan Agathocles na Syracuse ta wurin mahaifiyarsa, don ya gaji mulkin Sicily da ɗansa Alexander da za a ba shi Italiya. A cikin 277 BC, Pyrrhus ya kama Eryx, mafi ƙarfi sansanin Carthaginian a Sicily. Wannan ya sa sauran garuruwan da Carthagin ke sarrafawa su canza zuwa Pyrrhus.

A cikin 276 BC, Pyrrhus ya yi shawarwari da Carthaginians. Ko da yake suna son su daidaita da Pyrrhus, su ba shi kuɗi da aika masa jiragen ruwa da zarar dangantakar abokantaka ta kulla, ya bukaci Carthage ya watsar da dukan Sicily kuma ya sanya Tekun Libya ya zama iyaka tsakanin su da Girkawa. Garuruwan Sicily na Girka sun yi adawa da yin sulhu da Carthage sabodaHar yanzu Carthaginians suna iko da kagara mai ƙarfi na Lilybaeum, a ƙarshen yammacin tsibirin. A ƙarshe Pyrrhus ya ba da shawarwarin nasu kuma ya wargaza tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Daga nan sai sojojin Pyrrhus suka fara kewayen Lilybaeum. Tsawon watanni biyu ya yi yana kai hare-hare a cikin birnin, ba tare da nasara ba, har sai da ya fahimci ba zai iya yin wani kataba mai tasiri ba tare da tare shi daga cikin tekun ba. Daga nan sai Pyrrhus ya nemi ma'aikata da kudi daga Sicilians domin ya gina jirgin ruwa mai karfi. Lokacin da Sicilians suka yi rashin jin daɗi game da waɗannan gudunmawar, dole ne ya ɗauki gudunmawar tilas kuma ya tilasta musu su kasance cikin layi. Wadannan matakan sun kai ga shelanta mulkin kama-karya na soja na Sicily da kuma kafa sansanin soji a garuruwan Sicilian.[40]

Waɗannan ayyukan ba su da farin jini sosai kuma nan da nan ra'ayin Sicilian ya yi zafi a kansa. Pyrrhus ya rabu da Sicilian Helenawa cewa suna shirye su yi al'ada tare da Carthaginians. Kartaginiyawa suka yi baƙin ciki da wannan, suka aika da wata runduna su yi yaƙi da shi. Nan take aka ci wannan runduna. Duk da wannan nasarar, Sicily ta ci gaba da ƙara ƙiyayya ga Pyrrhus, wanda ya fara tunanin barin Sicily. A wannan lokaci, wakilan Samnite da Tarentine sun isa Pyrrhus kuma suka sanar da shi cewa dukan garuruwan Girka a Italiya, Tarentum ne kawai Roma ba ta ci nasara ba. Pyrrhus ya yanke shawararsa kuma ya tashi daga Sicily. Yayin da jirginsa ya bar tsibirin, sai ya juya, yana misalta Yaƙin Punic, ya ce wa sahabbansa: “Abokina, wane filin kokawa za mu bar wa Carthaginians da Romawa.”[41] Ana jigilar da jirgin ruwa zuwa babban yankin Italiya, Carthaginians sun lalata sojojin ruwa na Pyrrhus a yakin mashigin Messina, tare da nutsewar jiragen ruwa 98 ko nakasa daga cikin 110.

Tsabar Pyrrhus da aka haƙa a Syracuse, 278 BC. Keɓe: Shugaban Phtia mai lulluɓe tare da furen itacen oak, taken ΦΘΙΑΣ (na Phtia). Juya: Thunderbolt, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ (ko King Pyrrhus).

 

Pyrrhos, Sarkin Epirus, 297-272 BC. Shugaban Zeus a cikin wreath na itacen oak / Demeter zaune, rike da dogon sandar da mayafinta; taken ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ (ko sarki Pyrrhus).

 

Tsabar Pyrrhus, Masarautar Epirus Shugaban Kore na hagu, an yi masa waƙa da hatsi, dogon tocila a baya / Athena Alkis tana gaba zuwa hagu, tana ɗaukar mashi a hannun dama & riƙe garkuwa a hannun hagu, tauraro gaban fuska, tsawa a filin hagu, E a filin dama ; rubutu BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΠYΡΡOY (ko King Pyrrhus).

Ja da baya daga Italiya

gyara sashe

Ƙarin bayani: Yaƙin Beneventum (275 BC)

Yayin da Pyrrhus ke yaƙi da Carthaginians, Romawa sun sake gina sojojinsu ta hanyar kiran dubban sababbin ma'aikata. Kusa da Benevento na yau, ɗaya daga cikin Consuls biyu na Romawa na wannan shekara (275 BC), Manius Curius Dentatus, ya yada zango tare da mutanensa. Wani mai martaba yana a lokacin a Lucania, don haka Pyrrhus ya aika da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa, don hana shi ƙarfafa Curius, wanda Pyrrhus da kansa ya bar shi don magance shi. Ya tashi da daddare domin ya kai wa makiyinsa asiri. Sai dai ciyayi mai yawan gaske da ke wurin ya haifar da matsala ga mutanensa, inda a karshe suka isa wurin da rana, a gajiye, ba a gani ba.[43][44]

Sakamakon haka an dakile harin, inda Pyrrhus ya rasa rabin giwayensa[45]. Kashegari Romawa suka ɗauki matakin kai harin. Harin su na farko, godiya gadabarar Pyrrhus da tsayin daka na Epirotes, sun kasa. Sai dai kuma igiyar ruwa ta biyu ta tsorata giwayen - mai yiyuwa da kibiyoyi masu harsashi - lamarin da ya sa suka garzaya da Epirotes. Wannan na baya ya bar fagen fama cikin rudani, kuma Pyrrhus ba shi da wani zabi illa ya janye daga yakin.

Bayan wannan yakin da ba a gama ba, Pyrrhus ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen yakinsa a Italiya kuma ya koma Epirus wanda ya haifar da asarar duk nasarorin da ya samu a Italiya. Birnin Tarentum ne kawai ya rage a karkashin ikon Epirotes.[46]

Yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarshe da mutuwa

Babban labarin: Siege na Sparta

gyara sashe

Cibiyar Sparta, na François Topino-Lebrun

Kamfen dinsa na yammacin Turai ya yi wa sojojinsa da kuma baitul malinsa mummunan rauni. Duk da haka (ko watakila saboda) Pyrrhus ya sake yin yaƙi.[47] Daular abokin hamayyarsa Antigonus Gonatas na Macedon ita ce mafi bayyananniyar manufa. Pyrrhus ya tada sojoji daga garrisonsa na Epirote, da sojojin haya na Gallic da sojojin da ya dawo da su daga Italiya suka nufi gabas zuwa Macedon. Ya ci nasara mai sauƙi a Yaƙin Aous kuma ya ɗauki mafi yawan Makidoniya[48].

Antigonus ya yi nasarar rike wasu garuruwan da ke bakin teku.[49] Daga nan sai ya jira damar kwato masa mulkinsa yayin da Pyrrhus ya riga ya sake neman wani yaki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, Pyrrhus ya sa kansa ba shi da farin jini sosai a Makidoniya ta hanyar barin Gaul ɗinsa su washe kaburburan sarakunan Makidoniya a Aegae.[50]

A cikin 272 BC, Cleonymus, Spartan na jinin sarauta wanda aka ƙi a tsakanin 'yan Spartans, ya tambayi Pyrrhus ya kai hari Sparta kuma ya sanya shi a kan mulki. Pyrrhus ya amince da shirin, yana da niyyar samun nasara a kan Peloponnese da kansa, amma tsayin daka mai karfi da ba zato ba tsammani ya dakile harin da ya yi wa Sparta. A ja da baya ya rasa ɗansa na fari Ptolemy, wanda shi ne shugaban masu gadi.

Pyrrhus ba shi da ɗan lokaci don baƙin ciki, domin nan da nan aka ba shi damar shiga cikin rikicin jama'a a Argos. Da yake shi ma Antigonus Gonatas yana gabatowa, sai ya yi gaggawar shiga cikin garin da sojojinsa ta hanyar sata, sai kawai ya tarar da wurin cike da dakaru. A lokacin rikice-rikicen yakin Argos a cikin kunkuntar titunan birni, Pyrrhus ya makale. A lokacin da yake fada da wani sojan Argive, sai tsohuwar mahaifiyar sojan da take kallo daga saman rufin, ta jefar da wani tile wanda ya buge shi daga kan dokinsa, ya karya wani bangare na kashin bayansa, ya shanye shi. Ko yana raye ko ba ya raye bayan buguwar ba a sani ba, amma an tabbatar da mutuwarsa sa’ad da wani sojan Makidoniya mai suna Zopyrus, ko da yake ya tsorata da kallon fuskar sarkin, cikin shakka da kuskure ya fille kan jikinsa mara motsi. Daga baya Plutarch ne ya ba da labarin wannan labarin a cikin rayuwarsa ta Pyrrhus[51].

Antigonus ya sa aka kona shi da dukkan girma kuma ya aika dansa mai rai Helenus zuwa Epirus. A wannan shekarar, da jin labarin mutuwar Pyrrhus, Tarentinians sun mika wuya ga Roma.

Hoton Pyrrhus a Ioannina, Girka

A cikin Rayuwar Pyrrhus, Plutarch ya rubuta cewa Hannibal ya sanya shi a matsayin babban kwamandan da duniya ta taɓa gani, [4] ko da yake a cikin Rayuwar Titus Quinctius Flamininus, Plutarch ya rubuta cewa Hannibal ya sanya shi na biyu bayan Alexander the Great. Appian ne ya ba da wannan lissafin na ƙarshe.[52] Yayin da ya kasance shugaba mai tausayi kuma sau da yawa ba shi da natsuwa, kuma ba koyaushe sarki mai hikima ba ne, ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin soja na zamaninsa.

An san Pyrrhus donalherinsa. A matsayinsa na gabaɗaya, manyan raunin siyasa na Pyrrhus shine gazawarsa don kula da hankali da kuma kula da dukiya mai ƙarfi a gida (da yawa daga cikin sojojinsa 'yan haya ne masu tsada).

Tunanin sarki yana taɓawa wanda zai iya warkar da duk raunuka na iya samo asali ne daga Pyrrhus. Kamar yadda Pliny the Elder ya faɗi, babban yatsan yatsan ƙafar dama na Pyrrhus yana warkar da cututtuka na majiyyaci ta hanyar taɓa majiyyaci kawai. Kuma ba za a iya kona ƙafar ƙafarsa ba don haka lokacin da aka kona gawarsa, sai a sa ƙafarsa a cikin akwati, kuma a ajiye shi a wani haikalin da ba a sani ba[53].

Pyrrhus ya ba da sunansa ga kalmar "Nasara Pyrrhic", wanda ya samo asali daga wata sanarwa da ake zargin ya yi bayan yakin Asculum. Dangane da taya murna saboda cin nasara mai tsada a kan Romawa, an ruwaito cewa ya ce: “Idan muka ci nasara a wani yaki daya da Romawa, za mu lalace gaba daya”[39]. Kalmar Nasara ta Pyrrhic saboda haka ta zo da ma'anar nasarar da aka yi nasara akan irin wannan tsadar da ta rasa duk darajar.

Pyrrhus da yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya yi a Italiya sun ba wa ƙasashen Girika damar duba ci gaban Roma zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Rashin yin cikakken amfani da wannan damar yayin da Roma ke kasancewa kawai ikon yanki na Italiya yana da babban sakamako. Cin nasara da Magna Graecia da Romawa suka yi ya kawo su cikin gasa kai tsaye tare da Carthage, wanda hakan ya haifar da Yaƙin Farko na Farko. Nasarar da Roma ta samu a wannan rikici za a iya cewa ta canza ta daga ikon yanki zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe a Tekun Bahar Rum. A cikin ƙarni na gaba gazawar wasu masarautu da biranen birane na duniyar Hellenistic don ba da haɗin kai ga Roma ya haifar da shigarsu cikin Daular Roma ko kuma, a cikin yanayin wasu, an rage matsayin abokin ciniki na Romawa. jihohi. A shekara ta 197 BC, Macedonia da yawancin jihohin kudancin Girka sun zama jihohin abokan ciniki na Romawa; a cikin 188 BC, daular Seleucid ta tilasta wa barin mafi yawan Asiya Ƙarama ga Pergamon (Pergamum). A cikin 133 BC Attalus III, Sarkin Pergamon na ƙarshe (ban da mai riya Eumenes III), ya ba da gadar Mulkin da yankuna da yawa a Asiya Ƙarama ga Roma a cikin nufinsa. A cikin halakar Koranti a shekara ta 146 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Roma ta ci birnin Koranti da abokanta a ƙungiyar Achaean. An rushe gasar kuma Roma ta mallaki yankunan da suka zama Girka ta zamani, ta sake tsara waɗannan yankuna zuwa lardin Macedonia.[54] A ƙarshe, a cikin 63 BC, Pompey Magnus ya ba da juyin mulkin ƙarshe na alheri ga daular Seleucid da ta riga ta ragu, ya kori mai mulkinta na ƙarshe kuma ya mamaye yankunanta zuwa sabon lardin Romawa na Siriya.

Pyrrhus ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa da littattafai da yawa kan fasahar yaki. Waɗannan sun ɓace tun daga lokacin, kodayake, a cewar Plutarch, Hannibal ya rinjayi su, [4] kuma sun sami yabo daga Cicero.[55]

Pyrrhus ya yi aure sau biyar: matarsa ​​ta farko Antigone ta haifa masa 'ya mai suna Olympias da ɗa mai suna Ptolemy don girmama mahaifinta. Ta rasu a shekara ta 295 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, watakila a lokacin haihuwa, tun a wannan shekarar ne aka haifi danta[56]. Matarsa ​​ta biyu ita ce Lanassa, 'yar Sarkin Agathocles na Syracuse (r. 317-289 BC), wadda ya aura a kusan 295 BC; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Alexander[56] da Helenus; Lanassa ya bar Pyrrhus. Matarsa ​​ta uku 'yar Audoleon, Sarkin Paeonia; matarsa ​​ta hudu ita cegimbiya Illyrian Bircenna, wacce diya ce ga Sarki Bardylis II (r. c. 295–290 BC); kuma matarsa ​​ta biyar ɗiyar Ptolemy Keraunos ce, wadda ya aura a shekara ta 281/280 BC.


Manazarta

gyara sashe
  1. Hackens 1992, p. 239; Grant 2010, p. 17; Anglin & Hamblin 1993, p. 121; Richard 2003, p. 139; Sekunda, Northwood & Hook 1995, p. 6; Daly 2003, p. 4; Greene 2008, p. 98; Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2005, p. 113; Saylor 2007, p. 332
  2. Hammond 1967, pp. 340–345; Hammond has argued convincingly that the Epirotes were a Greek-speaking people.
  3. Encyclopædia Britannica ("Epirus") 2013
  4. Encyclopædia Britannica ("Pyrrhus") 2013
  NODES