Stone Age
Stone Age lokaci ne mai faɗin tarihi lokacin da aka yi amfani da dutse da yawa don yin kayan aiki tare da gefuna, maƙasudi, ko farfajiyar kaɗa. Tsawon lokacin ya yi kusan shekaru miliyan 3.4, kuma ya ƙare tsakanin 4,000 BC da 2,000 BC, tare da zuwan metalworking. Ko da yake an san wasu sassaƙaƙan aikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe masu lalacewa, musamman yin amfani da zinare da tagulla don yin ado, a zamanin dutse, narkewa da narkewar jan ƙarfe ne ke nuna ƙarshen zamanin Dutse.[1] A Yammacin Asiya, wannan ya faru a kusan 3,000 BC, lokacin da tagulla ya yadu. An yi amfani da kalmar Bronze Age don bayyana lokacin da ya biyo bayan zamanin Dutse, da kuma bayyana al'adun da suka ɓullo da fasaha da fasaha don yin aiki da kayan aiki na tagulla (tagulla: asali jan karfe da arsenic, daga baya jan karfe da tin) zuwa kayan aiki, maye gurbin dutse. a yawancin amfani.
 Stone Age | |
|---|---|
archaeological age (en)  , Tarihi da temporal entity (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na |
Holocene (en) da Prehistory |
| Suna saboda |
stone tool (en) |
| Ta biyo baya | Zamanin Tagulla |
| Lokacin gamawa | 2000 "BCE" |
Abubuwan tarihi na zamanin dutse waɗanda aka gano sun haɗa da kayan aikin da ɗan adam na zamani ke amfani da shi, ta nau'ikan magabatan su a cikin halittar Homo, kuma mai yiyuwa ne ta farkon wani ɓangare na zamanin Australopithecus da Paranthropus. An gano kayan aikin kasusuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a wannan lokacin kuma amma waɗannan ba safai ake adana su a cikin tarihin binciken kayan tarihi ba.[2] Zamanin Dutse yana ƙara rarrabuwa ta nau'ikan kayan aikin dutse da ake amfani da su.
Zamanin Dutse shine lokaci na farko a cikin tsarin shekaru uku akai-akai da ake amfani da shi a ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi don raba lokacin tarihin fasahar ɗan adam zuwa lokutan aiki, tare da na gaba biyu shine Zamanin Bronze da Zamanin ƙarfe, bi da bi. Zamanin Dutse kuma ana raba shi zuwa lokuta daban-daban guda uku: na farko kuma na farko shine zamanin Paleolithic; lokacin tsaka-tsaki tare da mafi kyawun kayan aikin da aka sani da zamanin Mesolithic; da mataki na ƙarshe da aka sani da zamanin Neolithic. Al'ummomin Neolithic su ne na farko da suka sauya sheka daga al'ummomin mafarauta zuwa tsarin rayuwa na mazauna garuruwa da kauyuka yayin da noma ya yadu. A cikin tarihin prehistory, zamanin Neolithic yawanci yakan mamaye zamanin Chalcolithic ("Copper") kafin zamanin Bronze.
Historical significance
gyara sashe
Samfuri:Human timelineZamanin Dutse ya yi zamani da juyin halittar Homo, ban da yiwuwar farkon zamanin dutse, lokacin da jinsuna kafin Homo na iya kera kayan aiki. [3] Dangane da shekaru da wurin da aka samu shaidar yanzu, shimfiɗar jaririn shine Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka, musamman zuwa arewa a Habasha, inda yake kan iyaka da filayen ciyawa. Abokin dangi mafi kusa tsakanin sauran masu rai na rayuwa, jinsin Pan, yana wakiltar reshe wanda ya ci gaba a cikin gandun daji mai zurfi, inda primates suka samo asali. Rikicin ya kasance hanyar tafiya zuwa kudancin Afirka da kuma arewacin kogin Nilu zuwa Arewacin Afirka da kuma ci gaba da raguwa a cikin Levant zuwa ciyayi mai yawa na Asiya.
An fara daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata (mya) kwayar halitta guda daya ta kafa kanta daga Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar rabe-rabe, Arewacin Afirka, da kuma fadin Asiya zuwa kasar Sin ta zamani. An kira wannan "savannahstan" mai ratsa jiki "kwanan nan. [4] An fara daga cikin, grasslandHomo erectus, wanda ya riga ya zama ɗan adam na zamani, ya sami wani yanki na muhalli a matsayin mai yin kayan aiki kuma ya ci gaba da dogara da shi, ya zama "mazaunin savanna mai kayan aiki". [5]
Zamanin Dutse a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi
gyara sasheFarkon Zamanin Dutse
gyara sashe
Tsohuwar shaidar kai tsaye da aka samu na amfani da kayan aikin dutse shine burbushin kasusuwan dabba tare da alamun kayan aiki; wadannan shekaru miliyan 3.4 ne kuma an same su a cikin Lower Awash Valley a Habasha. Binciken archaeological a Kenya a cikin shekarar 2015, gano abin da zai iya zama mafi tsufa shaidar amfani da kayan aikin da aka sani zuwa yau, ya nuna cewa Kenyanthropus platyops (kasusuwan burbushin Pliocene hominin mai shekaru 3.2 zuwa 3.5 da aka gano a tafkin Turkana, Kenya a cikin shekarar 1999). ) na iya kasancewa farkon masu amfani da kayan aiki da aka sani.
An tono tsoffin kayan aikin dutse daga wurin Lomekwi 3 a yammacin Turkana, arewa maso yammacin Kenya, kuma sun kai shekaru miliyan 3.3. [6] Kafin gano waɗannan kayan aikin na "Lomekwian", an gano tsoffin kayan aikin dutse da aka fi sani da su a wurare da yawa a Gona, Habasha, a kan ruwan kogin Paleo- Awash, wanda ya kai ga zamani. Duk kayan aikin sun fito ne daga Tsarin Busidama, wanda ke sama da rashin daidaituwa, ko bacewar Layer, wanda zai kasance daga 2.9 zuwa 2.7 mya. Tsofaffin rukunin yanar gizon da aka gano suna ɗauke da kayan aiki an rubuta su zuwa 2.6-2.55 mya. [7] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali game da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon shine cewa sun fito ne daga Late Pliocene, inda kafin kayan aikin gano su an yi tunanin sun samo asali ne kawai a cikin Pleistocene . Masu hakowa a yankin sun nuna cewa: [8]
… the earliest stone tool makers were skilled flintknappers…. The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include … gaps in the geological record.
Ba a san nau'in da suka yi kayan aikin Pliocene ba. An samo gutsuttsuran Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus aethiopicus, [9] da Homo, mai yiwuwa Homo habilis, a wuraren da ke kusa da shekarun kayan aikin Gona. [10]
A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton gano wasu kayan aikin dutse mafi dadewa a wajen Afirka, a kasar Sin, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai 2.12. shekaru miliyan.
Ƙarshen Zamanin Dutse
gyara sasheƘirƙirar dabarun narkewar tama ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kawo ƙarshen Zamanin Dutse da fara Zaman Tagulla. Ƙarfe mai mahimmanci na farko da aka ƙera shine tagulla, gami da tagulla da kwano ko arsenic, kowannensu ya narke daban.
Manazarta
gyara sashe- ↑ "Stone Age" . HISTORY . Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ↑ Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). "Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" (PDF). Anthropological Notebooks. 22 (1): 5–22.
- ↑ "Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed | Natural History Museum" . 18 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Barham & Mitchell 2008
- ↑ Barham & Mitchell 2008
- ↑ .
etal
Invalid|url-status=310–315(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Rogers & Semaw 2009
- ↑ Rogers & Semaw 2009
- ↑ As to whether aethiopicus is the genus Australopithecus or the genus Paranthropus, broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources.
- ↑ Rogers & Semaw 2009