Genosida dalam sejarah

Genosida adalah penghancuran yang disengaja terhadap suatu bangsa^[a] secara keseluruhan atau sebagian. Istilah ini dicetuskan pada tahun 1944 oleh Raphael Lemkin. Istilah ini didefinisikan dalam Pasal 2 Konvensi tentang Pencegahan dan Penghukuman Kejahatan Genosida (CPPCG) tahun 1948 sebagai "salah satu tindakan berikut yang dilakukan dengan maksud untuk menghancurkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebagian, suatu kelompok nasional, etnis, ras, atau agama, seperti: membunuh anggota kelompok; menyebabkan kerusakan fisik atau mental yang serius terhadap anggota kelompok; dengan sengaja menimbulkan kondisi kehidupan kelompok, yang dimaksudkan untuk menyebabkan kehancuran fisik secara keseluruhan atau sebagian; memaksakan tindakan yang dimaksudkan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok; [dan] memindahkan secara paksa anak-anak kelompok tersebut ke kelompok lain."^[1]

Pembukaan CPPCG menyatakan bahwa "genosida adalah kejahatan menurut hukum internasional, bertentangan dengan semangat dan tujuan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan dikutuk oleh dunia yang beradab", dan juga menyatakan bahwa "pada semua periode sejarah genosida telah menimbulkan kerugian besar bagi kemanusiaan."^[1] Genosida secara luas dianggap sebagai lambang kejahatan manusia,^[2] dan telah disebut sebagai "kejahatan dari kejahatan".^[3]^[4]^[5] Gugus Tugas Ketidakstabilan Politik memperkirakan bahwa 43 genosida terjadi antara tahun 1956 dan 2016, yang mengakibatkan 50 juta kematian.^[6] UNHCR memperkirakan bahwa 50 juta orang lainnya telah mengungsi akibat episode kekerasan tersebut.^[6]

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ Ditetapkan berdasarkan Konvensi Genosida sebagai "nasional, etnis, rasial, atau keagamaan."

Referensi

^ ^a ^b "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.
^ Towner 2011, hlm. 625–638; Lang 2005, hlm. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity's lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations."; Gerlach 2010, hlm. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies."; Hollander 2012, hlm. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times. The label 'genocide' confers moral distinction on its victims and indisputable condemnation on its perpetrators."
^ Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-1st). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9, 92, 227. ISBN 0-521-78262-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 June 2024.
^ Straus, Scott (2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E., ed. Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept (dalam bahasa Inggris). McGill-Queen's University Press. hlm. 223, 240. ISBN 978-0-2280-0951-1.
^ Rugira, Lonzen (2022-04-20). "Why Genocide is "the crime of crimes"". Pan African Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 June 2024. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b Anderton, Charles H.; Brauer, Jurgen, ed. (2016). Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937829-6.

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[1] Ditetapkan berdasarkan Konvensi Genosida sebagai "nasional, etnis, rasial, atau keagamaan."

[CPPCG-2] "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.

[3] Towner 2011, hlm. 625–638; Lang 2005, hlm. 5–17: "On any ranking of crimes or atrocities, it would be difficult to name an act or event regarded as more heinous. Genocide arguably appears now as the most serious offense in humanity's lengthy—and, we recognize, still growing—list of moral or legal violations."; Gerlach 2010, hlm. 6: "Genocide is an action-oriented model designed for moral condemnation, prevention, intervention or punishment. In other words, genocide is a normative, action-oriented concept made for the political struggle, but in order to be operational it leads to simplification, with a focus on government policies."; Hollander 2012, hlm. 149–189: "... genocide has become the yardstick, the gold standard for identifying and measuring political evil in our times. The label 'genocide' confers moral distinction on its victims and indisputable condemnation on its perpetrators."

[4] Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-1st). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9, 92, 227. ISBN 0-521-78262-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 16 June 2024.

[5] Straus, Scott (2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E., ed. Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept (dalam bahasa Inggris). McGill-Queen's University Press. hlm. 223, 240. ISBN 978-0-2280-0951-1.

[6] Rugira, Lonzen (2022-04-20). "Why Genocide is "the crime of crimes"". Pan African Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 June 2024. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2024.

[auto-7] Anderton, Charles H.; Brauer, Jurgen, ed. (2016). Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937829-6.

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