Ghaznawiyah
Ghaznawiyah (bahasa Persia: غزنویان) adalah suatu dinasti Muslim mamluk etnis Turki[5][6][7] yang budayanya telah ter-Persia-kan,[8] yang pada masa puncak kejayaannya menguasai sebagian besar Iran, Transoxiana, dan India Utara antara 977-1186.[9][10][11] Dinasti ini didirikan oleh Sabuktigin yang dimulai saat ia sukses menguasai Ghazna setelah ayah mertuanya Alp Tigin wafat. Alp Tigin adalah mantan jenderal Kekaisaran Samaniyah dari Balkh, di sebelah utara Hindu Kush di Khorasan Raya.[12]
غزنویان Ghaznawiyah | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 977–1186 | |||||||||||||||||
 Bendera Dinasti Ghaznavid dari Kerajaan Ghaznawiyah | |||||||||||||||||
 Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah pada puncak kejayaannya | |||||||||||||||||
| Ibu kota | Ghazna (977–1163) Lahore [1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Persia (bahasa istana dan bahasa resmi; lingua franca)[2][3] Arab (agama) Dialek Turki (militer)[4] | ||||||||||||||||
| Agama | Islam Sunni | ||||||||||||||||
| Pemerintahan | Kekaisaran | ||||||||||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||||||||||
• 977–997 | Sabuktigin (pertama) | ||||||||||||||||
• 1160–1186 | Khusrau Malik (terakhir) | ||||||||||||||||
| Wazir | |||||||||||||||||
• 998–1013 | Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini (pertama tersebutkan) | ||||||||||||||||
• 12th-century | Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah (terakhir tersebutkan) | ||||||||||||||||
| Era Sejarah | Abad Pertengahan | ||||||||||||||||
• Didirikan | 977 | ||||||||||||||||
• Dibubarkan | 1186 | ||||||||||||||||
| Luas | |||||||||||||||||
| 1029 est. | 3.400.000 km2 (1.300.000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| Sekarang bagian dari | Negara kini | ||||||||||||||||
Meskipun dinasti ini berasal dari etnis Turki Asia Tengah, namun telah sangat terpengaruh Persia dalam bidang bahasa, budaya, sastra, serta adat kebiasaan,[13][14][15][16] sehingga beberapa ahli memandangnya lebih sebagai suatu "dinasti Persia" daripada Turki.[9][11][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Anak Sabuktigin, Mahmud dari Ghazni, mendeklarasikan independensinya dari Kekaisaran Samaniyah[24] dan meluaskan wilayah Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah hingga ke Amu Darya, Sungai Indus, dan Samudra Hindia di sebelah timur, dan ke Rey dan Hamadan di sebelah barat. Di bawah pemerintahan Mas'ud I, dinasti Ghaznawiyah mulai kehilangan kendali atas wilayah-wilayah baratnya kepada dinasti Seljuk setelah Pertempuran Dandanaqan, sehingga kekuasaannya menjadi terbatas pada wilayah yang saat ini adalah Afghanistan, Punjab, Pakistan, dan Balochistan.[25][26] Pada tahun 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah kehilangan Ghazni ke tangan Ala al-Din Husayn dari dinasti Ghuriyah.
Pendiri
suntingDinasti Ghaznawiyah didirikan oleh Sabaktakin. Ia adalah seorang komandan militer berkebangsaan Turki. Awalnya, Sabaktakin hanyalah seorang budak dari Al-Batakin. Tuannya adalah seorang gubernur jenderal di Dinasti Samaniyah yang awalnya menguasai wilayah Khurasan. Namun, ia pindah ke Ghaznah dan berkuasa atasnya melalui kekuatan militer. Perpindahan ini dilakukannya setelah mengalami permusuhan dengan seorang wali kota Dinasti Samaniyah yang bernama Manshur bin Nuh.[27]
Al-Batakin merebut wilayah Ghaznah yang terletak di Afganistan pada tahun 962 M. Ia kemudian membentuk Dinasti Ghaznawiyah dengan wilayah kekuasaan meliputi Afganistan dan Punjab.[28]
Sabaktakin memperoleh posisi sebagai pemimpin setelah terjadi perebutan kekuasaan di antara komandan militer di Ghaznah. Perebutan kekuasaan terjadi akibat wafatnya Al-Batakin dan putranya yang bernama Abu Ishaq. Posisi sebagai pemimpin diperoleh Sabaktakin pada tahun 366 H atau 976 M.[29]
Sabaktakin ditetapkan sebagai pendiri Dinasrti Ghaznawiyah dibandingkan dengan Al-Batakin. Karena 16 khalifah Dinasrti Ghaznawiyah sesudahnya merupakan keturunan langsung darinya.[28] Nama Dinasti Ghaznawiyah ditetapkan oleh Sabaktakin. Penamaan ini didasarkannya dengan penetapan ibu kota pemerintahannya di Ghaznah.[30]
Wilayah kekuasaan
suntingPada masa awal pemerintahan Dinasti Ghaznawiyah oleh Sabaktakin, wilayahnya hanya kota Ghaznah. Setelah pemerintahannya stabil, Sabaktakin memperluasnya dengan penaklukan kota Qashdar dan Bast. Setelah itu, ia memperluasnya lagi hingga ke wilayah India.[30] Selama masa pemerintahannya, wilayah Dinasti Ghaznawiyah membentang dari Ghaznah hingga ke tepi sungai Indus.[30]
Dinasti Ghaznawiyah menguasai seluruh wilayah India pada akhir abad ke-9 M. Khalifah yang memerintah saat itu adalah Muhammad Ghaznah.[31]
Referensi
suntingCatatan kaki
sunting- ^ "Lahore" Diarsipkan 2012-11-17 di Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
- ^ "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [1] Diarsipkan 2013-05-02 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994–1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 134.
- ^ Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources, Ed. Scott Cameron Levi and Ron Sela, (Indiana University Press, 2010), 83;The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...
- ^ "Ghaznavid Dynasty" Diarsipkan 2015-05-11 di Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.163, Online Edition Diarsipkan 2023-01-14 di Wayback Machine., "Turkish dominated mamluk regiments...dynasty of mamluk origin (the GHAZNAVID line) carved out an empire..."
- ^ Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (January 1, 2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. hlm. 410–411.
- ^ a b C.E. Bosworth: The Ghaznavids. Edinburgh, 1963
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Ghaznavids" Diarsipkan 2019-04-24 di Wayback Machine. in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 2006
- ^ a b C.E. Bosworth, "Ghaznavids", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ghaznavid Dynasty" Diarsipkan 2008-06-24 di Wayback Machine., Online Edition 2007
- ^ David Christian: A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia; Blackwell Publishing, 1998; pg. 370: "Though Turkic in origin […] Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized".
- ^ J. Meri (Hg.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, "Ghaznavids", London u.a. 2006, p. 294: "The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."
- ^ Sydney Nettleton Fisher and William Ochsenwald, The Middle East: a history: Volume 1, (McGraw-Hill, 1997); "Forced to flee from the Samanid domain, he captured Ghaznah and in 961 established the famed Persianate Sunnite Ghaznavid empire of Afghanistan and the Punjab in India".
- ^ Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model..
- ^ B. Spuler: The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East; in: P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (Hrsg.): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War; The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1a; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970; pg. 147: "One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also Persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty."
- ^ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu" Diarsipkan 2015-05-17 di Wayback Machine., Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition: "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ^ "GHAZNAVIDS". iranicaonline.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-24. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-15.
- ^ B. Spuler, "The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East", in the Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. IA: The Central islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, ed. by P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). pg 147: One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also Persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty.
- ^ Anatoly M Khazanov, André Wink, "Nomads in the Sedentary World", Routledge, 2padhte padhte to pagla jayega aadmi, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Blackwell Publishing, 1998. pg 370: "Though Turkic in origin and, apparently in speech, Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized"
- ^ Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 8: "The Ghaznavids (989–1149) were essentially Persianized Turks who in manner of the pre-Islamic Persians encouraged the development of high culture"
- ^ John Perry. Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN. Excerpt: "We should distinguish two complementary ways in which the advent of the Turks affected the language map of Iran. First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already iranized and patronized Persian literature in their domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia. Secondly, the influx of massive Turkish-speaking populations (culminating with the rank and file of the Mongol armies) and their settlement in large areas of Iran (particularly in Azerbaijan and the northwest), progressively turkicized local speakers of Persian, Kurdish and other Iranian languages."(John Perry. Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200. THE HISTORICAL ROLE OF TURKISH IN RELATION TO PERSIAN OF IRAN)
- ^ The early Ghaznavids, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, ed. C. E. Bosworth, (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 170
- ^ Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī, Soheila Amirsoleimani, Iranian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), 243.
- ^ Ghaznawids, B. Spuler, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol II, Ed. B.Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1991), 1051.
- ^ Zaghrut 2022, hlm. 77.
- ^ a b Yahya, W., Siddiq, A. A., dan Saepudin, A., ed. (2017). Sejarah Peradaban Islam: Buku Panduan Pendidikan Agama Islam (PDF). Bandung: Lembaga Studi Islam dan Pengembangan Kepribadian (LSIPK) Universitas Islam Bandung. hlm. 96. ISBN 978-602-50123-1-0. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-18. Diakses tanggal 2022-08-04.
- ^ Zaghrut 2022, hlm. 77-78.
- ^ a b c Zaghrut 2022, hlm. 78.
- ^ Nasution, Syamruddin (2013). Sejarah Peradaban Islam (PDF). Pekanbaru: Yayasan Pusaka Riau. hlm. 120. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2022-08-04.
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Zaghrut, Fathi (April 2022). Artawijaya, ed. Tragedi-Tragedi Besar dalam Sejarah Islam. Diterjemahkan oleh Irham, Masturi. Jakarta Timur: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. ISBN 978-979-592-978-9.