Wikipedia

Lebar sepur ganda

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Rel ketiga atau Rel paksa.

Dalam teknik perkeretaapian, "lebar sepur" adalah jarak melintang antara permukaan bagian dalam kepala dua rel, yang untuk sebagian besar jalur kereta api adalah jumlah rel di tempat. Namun, terkadang "rel" perlu membawa kendaraan kereta api dengan roda yang disesuaikan dengan dua alat pengukur yang berbeda. Trek seperti itu digambarkan sebagai pengukur ganda - dicapai baik dengan penambahan rel ketiga, jika sesuai, atau dengan dua rel tambahan. Track ukuran ganda lebih mahal untuk dikonfigurasikan dengan sinyal dan dinding, dan untuk pemeliharaan, daripada dua track ukuran tunggal yang terpisah. Oleh karena itu, biasanya untuk membangun rel pengukur ganda atau multi-ukuran lainnya hanya jika diperlukan karena kurangnya ruang atau saat rel dari dua pengukur berbeda bertemu di "Halaman langsir" atau stasiun penumpang. Track pengukur ganda sejauh ini merupakan konfigurasi yang paling umum, tetapi track pengukur tiga kali lipat telah dibuat dalam beberapa situasi.

Latar Belakang

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Daftar lengkap alat pengukur rel di seluruh dunia ada di artikel tentang Rel.

Pengukur rel adalah spesifikasi paling mendasar dari sebuah kereta api. "Trek rel" dan "set roda" dibuat dalam "toleransi teknik" yang memungkinkan pergerakan lateral yang optimal dari set roda di antara rel. Pasangan rel yang menjadi terlalu lebar atau menyempit pada sepur akan menyebabkan derailment, terutama jika pelebaran sepur pada belokan melebihi batas normal.[1][note 1]

Mengingat persyaratan untuk pengukur berada dalam batas yang sangat ketat, ketika jarak yang dirancang antara sepasang roda pada rangkaian roda sedikit berbeda dari yang lain di rel kereta api, jalur harus dibangun untuk dua pengukur khusus. Itu dicapai dengan berbagai cara: paling sering dengan menambahkan rel ketiga, lebih jarang dengan menambahkan sepasang rel lainnya; dan lebih jarang lagi, ketika ada tiga pengukur, dengan empat rel.

Konfigurasi

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Penambat rel pada track pengukur ganda yang menunjukkan celah minimum yang dapat dipraktikkan antara dasar dua rel – sekitar 40 mm (11/2 in.) – yang menentukan kemungkinan perbedaan minimum pada pengukur dalam konfigurasi tiga rel.

Track pengukur ganda dapat terdiri dari tiga rel, berbagi satu rel "umum"; atau empat rel, dengan rel pengukur yang lebih sempit terletak di antara rel pengukur yang lebih luas. Pada konfigurasi tiga rel, keausan common rail lebih besar dibandingkan dengan dua rel luar lainnya. Di jalur pengukur ganda, turnout (Wesel) lebih kompleks daripada di jalur pengukur tunggal, dan kereta api harus diberi sinyal dengan aman di kedua pengukur. "Sirkuit trek" dan penguncian mekanis juga harus beroperasi pada kedua pengukur.[4]

Lintasan multi-gauge sangat sering dikaitkan dengan stasiun break-of-gauge, di mana kendaraan rel atau muatan kendaraan dipindahkan dari satu pengukur ke pengukur lainnya. Kerusakan pada pengukur menyebabkan penundaan dan meningkatkan kemacetan, terutama pada jalur jalur tunggal. Pada dasarnya, dua kereta diperlukan untuk melakukan apa yang biasanya dilakukan oleh satu kereta. Ketika lalu lintas melewati terutama dalam satu arah, gerbong penuh yang dibawa ke perbatasan harus dikembalikan sebagai kosong, dan rangkaian gerbong kosong harus dibawa ke celah pengukur dari sisi lain untuk mengambil kargo. Kemacetan juga disebabkan oleh bongkar muat dan memuat ulang.[5][6]:74–75 Masalah ini diperparah ketika terjadi disparitas antara kapasitas lokomotif dan kendaraan di kedua gerbong: biasanya, satu muatan kereta api berukuran besar membutuhkan tiga kereta api berukuran sempit untuk mengangkutnya.[7]

Pengukur ganda (tiga rel)

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Konfigurasi track pengukur ganda (1600 mm dan 1435 mm).

Pembuatan track ukuran ganda dengan tiga rel dimungkinkan ketika dua rel yang berdekatan dapat dipisahkan di dasarnya dengan setidaknya ruang yang dibutuhkan oleh perangkat keras pengencang rel seperti paku dan atau klip rel – biasanya 40 milimeter (1,6 inci). Jika kedua pengukur lebih dekat dari itu, empat rel harus digunakan. Bergantung pada pengencang rel yang digunakan dan berat rel (rel berat lebih besar), perbedaan praktis antara kedua pengukur berada dalam kisaran 145 milimeter (5,7 inci) hingga 200 milimeter (7,9 inci).[8]

Galeri: Pengukur ganda (3 rel)

 
 
1600 / 1000 mm
(5 ft 3 / 3 ft 33/8 in)
[a] 		1600 / 1435 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in).
[b]

 
 
1435 / 891 mm
(4 ft 81/2 / 2 ft 113/32 in)
[c] 		1435 / 1000 mm
(4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 33/8 in)
[d]

 
1435 / 1067 mm
(4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in)
[e]

Pengukur ganda (empat rel)

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Penataan empat rel pengukur standar dan meteran di Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme. Perbedaan pengukur sebesar 435 mm juga dapat diakomodasi dalam konfigurasi tiga rel.

Ada banyak tempat di mana dimensi pengukur dari dua sistem perkeretaapian yang berbeda terlalu dekat untuk memungkinkan konfigurasi tiga rel, termasuk:

  • 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) dan 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) (umum di Afrika, masing-masing merupakan warisan dari praktik perkeretaapian Prancis/Belgia dan Inggris)
  • 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) dan 914 mm (3 ft) (umum di Amerika Selatan)
  • 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dan 1.524 mm (5 ft) (umum di mana rel kereta api ukuran lebar bekas negara satelit Uni Soviet bertemu dengan pengukur standar Eropa atau Cina).

Dalam kasus seperti itu, diperlukan empat rel untuk pengukur ganda. Selain itu, empat rel dapat dihasilkan dari preferensi teknik ketika tiga rel sudah cukup: contohnya ada di "Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme" (kereta api Teluk Somme), yang menggabungkan pengukur standar dan meteran – 435 milimeter (17, 1 inci) berbeda, baik dalam parameter untuk tiga rel.

Empat rel juga dapat dikerahkan di mana garis tengah semua kendaraan rel harus disejajarkan dengan garis tengah lintasan. Contohnya adalah:

  • dalam terowongan sempit
  • peron penumpang, dimana demi alasan keamanan dan kenyamanan langkah yang diambil penumpang harus dalam batas yang seragam
  • pada meja putar, yang harus menampilkan posisi rel yang identik di kedua ujungnya, yang mengharuskan keempat rel disejajarkan dengan poros tengah.[butuh rujukan]
Galeri: Pengukur ganda (4 rel)

 
 
1435 / 1000 mm
(4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 338 in).
In the foreground, the narrow gauge diverges via a fixed-rail configuration. [f] 		1520 / 1435 mm
(4 ft 1127/32 / 4 ft 81/2 in).
The gauges of this track are as follows (numbering the rails from left to right). 1520 mm gauge: rails 1 and 3; 1435 mm gauge: rails 2 and 4. [g]

 
1524 / 1435 mm
(5 ft 0 / 4 ft 81/2 in).
A line comprising European standard gauge and "Russian" gauge, a legacy of the former satellite states of the Soviet Union. The 89 mm difference between the two gauges is too small for a three-rail configuration. [h]

Pengukur tiga

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Cross-section of triple-gauge track at Gladstone and Peterborough, South Australia, before gauge standardisation. The three gauges require the respective gaps between the outer and inner rails to be different, unlike four-rail dual gauge.

Dalam situasi yang jarang terjadi, tiga alat pengukur yang berbeda dapat menyatu ke halaman rel dan jalur pengukur tiga diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan operasional stasiun pengukur jarak – paling sering di mana tidak ada cukup ruang untuk melakukan sebaliknya. Akan tetapi, konstruksi dan pengoperasian jalur triple-gauge dan persinyalannya melibatkan biaya dan gangguan yang sangat besar, dan dilakukan ketika tidak ada alternatif lain yang tersedia.[9]

Gallery: Triple gauge (4 rails)

 
 
1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
Turnout, 4-rail triple-gauge both ways, from the points end. [i] 		1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
Turnout, 4-rail triple-gauge both ways, from the crossing end. [j]

 
 
1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in). Three-rail dual-gauge track is joined by four-rail triple-gauge. [k] 		1600 / 1435 / 1067mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in / 3 ft 6 in).
Standard-gauge car on 4-rail triple-gauge track. Narrow gauge track is two central rails; broad gauge is far left rail and second from right. [l]

 
 
1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
A six-rail triple-gauge turntable. It must always present the same positioning of rails at both ends, so all four rails must be symmetrical to the central axis. This is made possible only by reducing the profile of the middle rail on either side. [m] 		1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
When the Sydney–Perth rail corridor was converted to standard gauge in the late 1960s, dual-gauge track in the Gladstone yard had to be replaced by all-new triple-gauge track. The result was an inordinately complex marshalling yard. [n]

Tabel berikut menunjukkan tempat-tempat di mana triple gauge diperlukan.

Occurrences of triple gauge
Place Narrowest
gauge 		Middle
gauge 		Broadest
gauge 		Notes
Gladstone, South Australia[note 2] 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 1968–1983
(Some has been reconstructed at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide.)[12]
Peterborough, South Australia 1968–1983. (Some has been preserved at the Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre in Peterborough.)[13]
Latour-de-Carol, France 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) 1.668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) Still in use[per kapan?]
Hendaye, France
Vynohradiv, Ukraine 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) 1.520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Standard and broad gauge track is track plait[perlu disambiguasi] between Halmeu, Romania and Čierna nad Tisou, Slovakia, near Ukraine. The narrow-gauge track belongs to Borzhava narrow-gauge railway.[perlu disambiguasi] All still in use.[per kapan?]
Växjö, Sweden 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Until 1974 or later[14]
Montreux, Switzerland 800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Still in use[per kapan?]
Jenbach, Austria 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)
Capolago, Switzerland 800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) Metre gauge line closed in 1950
Volos, Greece 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge closed in the 1970s, 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge closed in 1998
Toronto, Canada 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) 1.676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Reported as impending in 1872.[15] Subsequently converted to 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge.
Gallery: Multi-gauge devices

 
 
1600 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 3 ft 6 in).
A dual-gauge centraliser that directs narrow-gauge livestock cars to the centre of the broad gauge so that they can be shunted without snagging the platforms. [o] 		1600 / 1435 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 in).
A simple dual-gauge common-rail change-over device. It directs standard-gauge rolling stock from the common rail in the left foreground to the right-hand rail in readiness for the turnout in the distance. [p]

 
 
1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
Triple-gauge common-rail change-over device: from one common rail (right foreground) to narrow gauge in the middle (in the distance). [q] 		1600 / 1435 / 1067 mm
(5 ft 3 / 4 ft 81/2 / 3 ft 6 in).
A four-rail triple-gauge track that joins a three-rail dual-gauge track. The change-over device in the foreground directs standard-gauge rolling stock into a four-rail configuration. [r]

Lebih dari tiga alat pengukur

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The Gorton Foundry of Beyer, Peacock and Company was typical of locomotive and rolling stock manufacturers that exported to many countries. This track of four gauges traversed two turntables, requiring the rails to be centralised.

Tiga alat pengukur adalah jumlah maksimum yang ditemukan di jalur kereta api yang beroperasi dan di pekarangan kereta api, tetapi beberapa produsen kereta api menempatkan lebih dari tiga jalur dalam pekerjaan mereka, tergantung pada alat pengukur khusus pelanggan mereka.

Alternatif untuk trek pengukur ganda

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Rollbocks compared to transporter wagons
 
Standardised containers have revolutionised rail, road and sea freight transport. Although mechanisation has speeded up handling, moving containers from one train to another because of different rail gauges is costly and inefficient.

Perpindahan barang dan penumpang antara alat pengukur yang berbeda tidak harus melibatkan jalur pengukur ganda: mungkin hanya ada dua jalur yang mendekati kedua sisi platform tanpa tumpang tindih. Di Australia, 13 stasiun break-of-gauge ada pada tahun 1945 sebagai hasil dari persaingan antarnegara bagian yang sudah berlangsung lama: tiga stasiun pengukur yang berbeda telah bertahan sejak tahun 1850-an dan lima ibu kota negara bagian tidak dihubungkan oleh pengukur standar hingga tahun 1995.[16] Huge costs and long delays were imposed by Trans-shipment of freight at break-of-gauge stations, whether manually, by gantry crane or by wheelset or bogie exchange.[6]:67</ref> During World War II, breaks of gauge in Australia added immense difficulty to the war effort by needing extra locomotives and rolling stock, and more than 1600 service personnel and a large pool of civilians, at transfer points for an annual average transfer of about 1.8 million tonnes of freight.[17]

To cost and inefficiency was added, in the case of passengers, considerable inconvenience. In 1896, at Albury station on the Sydney–Melbourne railway, famed American writer Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) had to change trains in the middle of a "biting-cold" night in 1896 and there formed his pungent view of "the paralysis of intellect that gave that idea birth".[18]

In some locations, an alternative to building long lengths of dual-gauge track has been to change the wheels on rolling stock, either by dropping and changing wheelsets from four-wheeled vehicles or exchanging bogies (US: trucks) under eight-wheeled vehicles. With this arrangement, a short length of dual-gauge track is only needed within the facility. A benefit is that the contents of fully loaded cars are not disturbed. The scheme was first adopted on the French–Spanish border and in Poland. It introduces delay into transit times compared with dual-gauge operation, but is much quicker than trans-shipping: when introduced in 1962 in Melbourne, Australia, on the route between Sydney and Adelaide, the freight handling time per train dropped from five days to less than two. The process involved disconnecting the brake rigging and bogie centre pins have to be disconnected before the vehicle is lifted and new bogies are wheeled underneath.[19][note 3]

In Europe, a similar principle embodies low-profile, small-wheeled transporter wagons, which carry vehicles built for one gauge on a line with a different gauge. A variant is the rollbock (Rollböcke in German), used under two-axle standard-gauge vehicles: each wheelset is carried on a small four-wheeled narrow-gauge trolley.[21] The entire train is converted in minutes at a slow walking pace, each rollbock being automatically matched to its wheelset from underneath.[note 4]

A further variant is "train on train", in which an entire narrow-gauge train is carried on standard-gauge flatcars on which continuous rail has been fitted.[23][24][25]

Differences in gauge are also accommodated by gauge-adjustable wheelsets, which hingga 2022 were installed under some passenger vehicles on international links between Spain and France, Sweden and Finland, Poland and Lithuania, and Poland and Ukraine. In Spain, change-over facilities are extensive, since although 1668 milimeter (65,7 inci) track predominates, and high-speed lines are laid to 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge, there are many lines with narrower gauges (1000 milimeter (39 inci) and others).[26]

Dual-gauge railways by nation

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Australia

  In Victoria, there are sections of 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track between Southern Cross station and West Footscray, Sunshine and Newport, Albion and Jacana, North Geelong and Gheringhap, Maryborough and Dunolly, and in various goods yards and industrial sidings. Until 2008, there was a dual-gauge line between Wodonga and Bandiana.

At Albury railway station, New South Wales, a 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge line was in place until 2011. A dual-gauge line was within Tocumwal railway station until 1988, when the standard gauge component was put out of use.

In 1900, in South Australia, a three-rail dual-gauge system was proposed in order to avoid a break of gauge. However, designing turnouts was considered to be difficult due to the difference of only 165 milimeter (6,5 inci) between the 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and the 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. After twenty years of discord, the proposal was abandoned.[27][28][29] Much later, the South Australian Railways successfully adopted dual-gauge turnouts.[30]

In Western Australia, 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) of double-track dual-gauge extends for 120 km (75 mi) of the main line from East Perth to Northam. Dual-gauge track is also used from the triangle at Woodbridge to Cockburn Junction, then to Kwinana on one branch and North Fremantle on the other. The signalling system detects the gauge of the approaching train and puts the signals to stop if the route is set for the wrong gauge.

In Queensland, there is a section of 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track between the rail freight yards at Acacia Ridge and Park Road station, which is utilised by both passenger and freight trains. Freight trains to the Port of Brisbane utilise the dual gauge Fisherman Islands line that runs parallel to the Cleveland railway line from Park Road to Lindum. Passenger trains use the dual-gauge section of the Beenleigh railway line running parallel to the electric suburban narrow gauge of the Queensland Rail city network over the Merivale Bridge into platforms 2 and 3 at Roma Street Station. This is used by standard gauge interstate New South Wales TrainLink XPT services to Sydney. In 2012, a dual-gauge line was installed between Acacia Ridge and Bromelton to serve a new freight hub at Bromelton.

The 1700 kilometer (1100 mil) long Inland Railway, under construction in 2022, will have about 300 kilometer (190 mil) of dual gauge.

Bangladesh

  The Bangladesh Railway uses three rails to avoid breaks of gauge between its broad-gauge and metre-gauge lines. The Jamuna Bridge and Padma Bridge, which link the east–west and north–south rail systems respectively, have four-rail dual-gauge tracks. Of the 2.875 kilometer (1.786 mi) Bangladseh Railway system, about 1.600 kilometer (990 mi) has four-rail dual-gauge.[butuh rujukan][diragukan – diskusikan]

Belgium

  Tram tracks in Brussels once combined 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) lebar sepur 1 m lines for inter-urban trams and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) lines for urban trams in a three-rail layout. In 1991, the interurban trams went out of service and then the network used only standard-gauge track.

Bulgaria

  The Sofia tramway uses a mixture of narrow and standard gauge. A 26 km (16 mi) section of track between Krasna polyana depot and Pirotska street is dual-gauge shared by 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) route 22 and 1.009 mm (3 ft 3+23⁄32 in) route 11.

Cameroon

  The new port of Kribi may serve 1000mm gauge bauxite traffic as well as 1435mm gauge iron ore traffic.

Czech Republic

  In the Czech Republic, there is 2 km of dual gauge 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) track near Jindřichův Hradec. In 1985, its original four rails were converted to three rails. In 2004, in Jindřichův Hradec at a switch where a dual gauge railway bifurcates, a Junák express from Plzeň to Brno derailed due to a signalling error. The standard gauge train had been switched on to the narrow gauge track.

France

  The Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme in France is dual gauge between Noyelles-sur-Mer and Saint-Valery-sur-Somme. The line has four rails with metre gauge laid within standard gauge. There are some dual-gauge (standard and Iberian) sidings at Cerbère on the Spanish border.

Germany

  In the 1970s, the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen tram lines underwent a gauge conversion from 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge to standard gauge. This was part of an upgrade to the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In 1981, 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) dual-gauge track was constructed so that new DT-8 Stadtbahn cars and old trams could share the network. In 2008, a further gauge conversion was completed. The Stuttgart Straßenbahn Museum operates 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trams on weekends and special occasions.

In Krefeld on Ostwall, Germany, tram lines are dual gauge so that standard 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rheinbahn U76 Stadtbahn cars and 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trams may share the lines. At the north end of the route, at the junction with Rheinstraße, the trams reverse. There, the standard gauge line ends, while the metre gauge lines continue. At the Hauptbahnhof, on Oppumer Straße, dual gauge track continues. At the ends of Oppumer Straße, the two tracks diverge.

In Mülheim there is a similar situation. The Duisburg tram line 901 meets the local line 102. The tram system in Duisburg uses 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track while the tram route from Witten to Mülheim uses 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge tracks. Two lines share a tunnel section between the Mülheim (Ruhr) Hauptbahnhof and Schloss Broich then diverge at street level.

The tram network between Werne to Bad Honnef is large with various operators and gauges. The trams in Wuppertal used 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track on east–west lines and 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge track on north–south lines. Trams in Duisburg used 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track on lines south of the Ruhr and 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge tracks on lines north of the Ruhr. The north lines closed in the 1960s and 1970s. Duisburg's three routes were converted to 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge track.

Ghana

  Ghana is converting its narrow gauge to standard gauge, and is installing dual-gauge sleepers as an intermediate stage.

Greece

  In Greece, the line between Athens and Elefsis (now closed) was dual gauge in order to allow the 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge trains of the Peloponnese rail network to pass. It also allowed standard gauge trains to reach the Elefsis shipyards. In Volos, a short section of track between the main station and the harbour used an unusual triple gauge, to accommodate standard gauge trains from Larissa, metre gauge trains from Kalambaka, and the 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge trains of the Pelion railway.

Indonesia

  In 1899, in the Dutch East Indies, dual gauge track was installed between Yogyakarta and Solo. The track was owned by the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, a private company, which in 1867 had built the 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge line. The third rail was installed to allow passengers and goods travelling over the 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge Staatsspoorweg (state railway) a direct connection. At a later date, the government constructed new tracks to allow greater capacity and higher speeds. In 1940, a third rail was installed between Solo and Gundih on the line to Semarang, allowing 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge trains to travel between Semarang, Solo and Yogyakarta via Gambringan, on the line to Surabaya instead of on the original line via Kedungjati.

In 1942 and 1943 in Java, under Japanese military occupation, conversion from took place 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1.435 mm) to 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) on the Brumbung–Kedungjati–Gundih main line and the Kedungjati–Ambarawa branch line.

Until the 1970s, a short section of dual gauge 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) line existed in North Sumatra on a joint line of the Deli Railway and the Atjeh Tram.

Some sugar mill railways in Java have dual-gauge sections.

Ireland

  Ireland's Ulster Railway underwent a gauge conversion from 1880mm to the new Irish standard of 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in). The Dublin & Drogheda Railway underwent a gauge conversion because the gauges were too close to allow a dual-gauge line.

Italy

  The Potenza – Avigliano Lucania line in Italy is a dual gauge rail with 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) tracks.

Japan

  In Japan, the national standard is 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge. Dual gauge is used where the 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Shinkansen (bullet train) lines join the main network. For example, part of the Ōu Main Line became part of the Akita Shinkansen and was converted to dual gauge in a limited section. The longest (821 km (510 mi)) dual gauge section in Japan is near, and in, the Seikan Tunnel. Sections of the Hakone Tozan Line are among a number of other dual-gauge lines.

Mexico

  Mexico previously had 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 914 mm (3 ft) dual gauge track.

Netherlands

  The first railway lines in the Netherlands were constructed with a track gauge of 1.945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in). For the 1939 centennial celebration, an exact replica of the country's first locomotive "De Arend" was built using the original blueprints. Since 1953, the locomotive is housed at the Dutch National Railway Museum, where in recent years, a dual-gauge track has been constructed in the rail yard, allowing for the locomotive to drive back and forth on special occasions.[31]

Poland

  In Poland, there is 3 kilometer (1,9 mil) of 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, linking Pleszew with a nearby mainline station. It is served by narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains.

Russia

  Between 2008 and 2012, a 2 km (1,2 mi) dual-gauge cross-border track was rebuilt between Khasan, Russia, and Rajin, North Korea; its gauges were the Russian 1.520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) and Korean 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).[32]

Spain

  In Spain, there is 217 km (135 mi) of dual gauge in the AVE line from Zaragoza to Huesca, usable for both 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard-gauge high-speed trains and 1.668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) Spanish network trains. Some dual-gauge sidings are at Port Bou on the French border. In 2009, Adif called for tenders for the installation of a third rail for standard-gauge trains on the 22 km (14 mi) between Castellbisbal and the Can Tunis freight terminal in Barcelona.[33]

Sweden

  The bridges at the borders of Sweden and Finland, between Haparanda and Tornio have 2 km (1,2 mi) of dual gauge, 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) and 1.524 mm (5 ft) track. At each end of the dual-gauge section are yards with standard and Finnish gauge areas to allow for trans-shipment. Four rails are used because the gauges are close and the bridge structure is wider than normal to allow for the offset from the centreline of each gauge. A Rafil gauge changer is at the Tornio yard. Similar arrangements exist on the approach to Kaliningrad, where 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track extends from the Polish border with some sections of dual gauge.

Between Västervik and Jenny, Sweden, there is a 891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge line and dual-gauge track in the Västervik station area.

Switzerland

  In Switzerland, dual-gauge 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track and 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) track exists between Lucerne and Horw of the Zentralbahn, between Niederbipp and Oberbipp of the Oberaargau-Jura Railways and between Chur and Domat/Ems of RhB. All three allow narrow-gauge passenger trains and standard-gauge freight trains to operate. A ″non-stop″ scheme (albeit with a pause to change locomotives) on the Montreux-Interlaken route was inaugurated in December 2022.[34] The former Zollikofen-Worblaufen-Deisswil dual gauge was cut back to Papiermühle when the factory in Deisswil closed.[per kapan?]

United Kingdom

  The Great Western Railway in Britain was originally built to a broad gauge of 2134 mm (7 ft 0 in), subsequently widened to 2140 mm (7 ft 0½ in). After a "gauge war", the gauge was converted to 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). A dual-gauge system was easily installed as the gauges were well separated and the line had wooden sleepers. A short section of broad and standard gauge is at the Great Western Society site at Didcot.

The port authority in Derry, Northern Ireland used a dual-gauge line in a street-level network to transfer freight. Two of the city's stations were on a narrow 914 mm (3 ft) gauge. The other two city stations were on broad 1.600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge.

United States

  In Los Angeles, the 1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Los Angeles Railway and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Pacific Electric Railway ran on dual gauge track on some downtown streets.[per kapan?]

From 1880 to 1902, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (standard gauge) and the Burlington and Northwestern Railway (narrow gauge) shared a dual-gauge mainline from Burlington, Iowa to Mediapolis, 23 kilometer (14 mil) to the north.

The early operational years of the State Belt Railroad in San Francisco featured dual-gauge tracks to accommodate regional railroads of the time, which interchanged via ferry.

Until 1941, the Colorado and Southern Railway used both standard-gauge and narrow-gauge tracks, and had a dual-gauge line between Denver and Golden, Colorado.

Until the 1960s, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad's Alamosa–Durango Line from Alamosa, Colorado to Antonito was dual-gauge.

Previously, in its Mount Union, Pennsylvania yard, the East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company used dual-gauge tracks.

Apart from the Los Angeles Railway and the Pacific Electric Railway, the examples were 914 mm (3 ft) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in).

Vietnam

  In Vietnam, near the border with China, there is 1.000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) and 1.435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) dual-gauge track between Hanoi and Đồng Đăng. Other smaller dual-gauge sections exist elsewhere in the north-east of the country.[35]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Two-rail track on curves is re-gauged when the gauge is 20 mm over (16 mm on narrow gauge). It is sometimes done by relocating the low (inner) rail to save "spike-killing" the sleeper at the outer end, where lateral loads are greater. In other cases, the sleeper may be slid through by about 70 mm to provide "new" timber for spiking.[2] On dual-gauge turnouts, tolerances are small: only 8 milimeter (0,31 inci) over gauge and 2 milimeter (0,079 inci) under.[3]
  2. ^ Port Pirie Junction was a triple-gauge station from 1937 to 1983 but, unlike Gladstone, did not have any triple-gauge track. For the most part the gauges were separate; dual-gauge tracks served a few trans-shipment sidings and another passenger station in the town's main street.[10][11]
  3. ^ At that time, each transfer took 20 minutes; inspection and marshalling took up the remaining time.[19] In 1982, each of two shifts of 18 men exchanged an average of 66 bogies per day; in comparison, 100 men would have been needed to transfer the same amount of freight wagon to wagon.[20]
  4. ^ The principle of attaching narrow-gauge bogies from underneath in this manner had been patented by Robert Henry Ramsey in 1872, in the United States.[22]
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  1. ^ Commuter lines near Estação Central, City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2007.
  2. ^ Secondary main line, Wallaroo, South Australia, 2008. Such close spacing of two rails is at the limit of possibilities for three-rail dual gauge; if closer, a four-rail configuration must be built.
  3. ^ Jenny, Sweden, 2006.
  4. ^ Street tramway track in Liberec, Czech Republic, 2007.
  5. ^ Odawara on the Hakone Tozan Railway, Japan, 2005.
  6. ^ Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme, France, 2007.
  7. ^ Newly laid track between Mockava and Šeštokai, Lithuania, 2013 or earlier.
  8. ^ Torne River rail bridge between Tornio (Finland) and Haparanda (Sweden, ahead), 2008.
  9. ^ Gladstone, South Australia, early 1970s.
  10. ^ Gladstone, South Australia, early 1970s.
  11. ^ Gladstone, South Australia, early 1970s.
  12. ^ Gladstone, South Australia, early 1970s.
  13. ^ Locomotive depot, Peterborough, South Australia, 2010 (turntable was made triple-gauge in 1969 to accommodate new standard gauge).
  14. ^ Gladstone railway station, 1976.
  15. ^ Gladstone, South Australia, 1970s.
  16. ^ Southern Cross station, Melbourne, Australia, 2010.
  17. ^ National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide, 2022. Rebuilt with components from Gladstone.
  18. ^ Gladstone station, South Australia, 1976. The four rails in the foreground include one rail that is common to all three gauges (the rail on the right) and the gauges are as follows (numbering rails from left to right): broad gauge, 1 and 4; standard gauge, 2 and 4; narrow gauge, 3 and 4.

References

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  1. ^ Tratman, E.E. Russell (1908). Railway track and track work (edisi ke-3). New York: The Engineering News Publishing Co. hlm. 402. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2022. 
  2. ^ Track Maintenance Guide. Adelaide: Australian National Railways Commission. 1988. hlm. section 12.2. 
  3. ^ "50kg dual gauge turnouts and gauge separations – construction and maintenance manual" (PDF). Australian Rail Track Corporation. 2008. Diakses tanggal 7 November 2022. 
  4. ^ Rogers, K.C. (1969). Farewell narrow gauge. Adelaide: Australian Railway Historical Society (SA Division Inc.). hlm. 19–22. 
  5. ^ Pratt, Edwin A. (1912). The state railway muddle in Australia. London: John Murray. hlm. 68. Diakses tanggal 2022-11-28 – via Internet Archive. 
  6. ^ a b Donovan, Peter & O'Neil, Bernard; revised edition Jay, Christopher (1991). The long haul: Australian National 1978–1988 (edisi ke-Revised). Adelaide: Australian National Railways Commission. ISBN 1875359087. 
  7. ^ Chambers, T.F. (February 1971). "The railways and Terowie – their early history and change of pattern over nearly a century". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin. XXII (400): 34. ISSN 0005-0105. 
  8. ^ Track Maintenance Guide. Adelaide: Australian National Railways Commission. 1988. hlm. section 9.1. 
  9. ^ Fitch, Ronald J. (1989). Making tracks: 46 years in Australian railways. Kenthurst NSW: Kangaroo Press. hlm. 141. ISBN 0864172702. 
  10. ^ Bakewell, Guy; Wilson, John (September 1968). "Farewell to Ellen Street". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin. XIX (371): 211. ISSN 0005-0105. 
  11. ^ South Australia's mixed gauge muddle di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal 2016-02-28)
  12. ^ "NRM report". Catch Point Magazine. Port Adelaide: National Railway Museum. January 2022. hlm. 45. 
  13. ^ "About Steamtown". Steamtown Peterborough. Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre. 2022. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2022. 
  14. ^ Triple gauge at Växjö, click on Treskensspår at the left
  15. ^ "The railway gauges". The Mercury (Hobart). XXI (3577). (Original, Hobart. Digital reproduction, Canberra: National Library of Australia – Trove digital newspaper archive). 14 June 1872. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 31 October 2022. 
  16. ^ Fitch, Ronald J. (2006). Australian Railwayman: from cadet engineer to railways commissioner. Dural, New South Wales: Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. hlm. 168. ISBN 1877058483. 
  17. ^ Laird, Philip (2001). Back on track: re-thinking transport policy in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. hlm. 187. ISBN 086840411X. 
  18. ^ Twain, Mark (2020). "Following the Equator". The Literature Network. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2020. 
  19. ^ a b Buckland, J.L. (October 1962). "Bogie changing extends the benefits of standard-gauge". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin. XIII (300): 161–162. ISSN 0005-0105. 
  20. ^ Lee, Robert (2007). The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004. Melbourne University Publishing Ltd. hlm. 224. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2. 
  21. ^ Harzquerbahn 2015 - Güterverkehr zwischen Unterberg und Nordhausen [Freight traffic between Unterberg and Nordhausen]. Schmalspurbahn-Fans. 2015. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2022. 
  22. ^ "Ramsey's car truck shifting apparatus". Mid-Continent Railway Museum. 2007. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2022. 
  23. ^ Harding, Eric (1958). Uniform railway gauge. Lothian Publishing. hlm. 14. 
  24. ^ Smith, Keith A. Tales from a Railway Odyssey. hlm. 114. 
  25. ^ Buckland, J.L. (December 1955). "The "pick-a-back" train". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin. VI (218): 157–162. ISSN 0005-0105. 
  26. ^ Álvarez, Alberto García (2010). Automatic track gauge changeover for trains in Spain (PDF) (edisi ke-4). Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles. hlm. 7. ISBN 978-84-89649-56-9. 
  27. ^ "Personal". The Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, NSW: National Library of Australia. 3 July 1924. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 1 September 2012. 
  28. ^ "Great Western Railway". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 11 March 1926. hlm. 7. Diakses tanggal 27 August 2011. 
  29. ^ "Unification of gauges". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 6 May 1904. hlm. 5. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. 
  30. ^ Civil track engineering ARTC pdf.
  31. ^ "Arend onder Stoom - Het Spoorwegmuseum". www.spoorwegmuseum.nl. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-26. 
  32. ^ Russian Railways : Demonstration train makes run between Rajin and Khasan RZD news
  33. ^ "World infrastructure market March 2009". Railway Gazette International. 14 March 2009. 
  34. ^ Fender, Keith (April 2023). "Swiss introduce gauge-changing train on Montreaux Interlaken route". Trains. Kalmbach. hlm. 41–42. 
  35. ^ The length of Vietnam railway network Diarsipkan September 10, 2006, di Wayback Machine.

Further reading

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  • Tratman, E.E. Russell (1908). Railway track and track work (edisi ke-3rd). New York: The Engineering News Publishing Co. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2022. 

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