Standard Oil
perusahaan asal Amerika Serikat
Standard Oil Co. Inc. adalah bekas perusahaan minyak asal Amerika Serikat. Didirikan tahun 1870 sebagai korporasi di Ohio, Standard pernah menjadi pengilang minyak bumi terbesar di dunia.[6] Sejarahnya yang kontroversial sebagai perusahaan multinasional pertama dan terbesar di dunia pada masanya berakhir tahun 1911, ketika Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat memutuskan bahwa Standard melakukan monopoli ilegal.
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| Cleveland, Ohio Corporation (1870–1882) Business Trust (1882–1892) New Jersey Perusahaan induk (1899–1911)[1] | |
| Industri | Migas |
| Penerus | See list of successor entities |
| Didirikan | 1870 |
| Ditutup | 1911 |
| Kantor pusat | Cleveland, Ohio (1870–1885) New York City, New York (1885–1911)[2] |
Tokoh kunci | John D. Rockefeller, Founder & Chairman Stephen V. Harkness, initial investor Henry M. Flagler, Senior Executive John D. Archbold, Vice President William Rockefeller, Senior Executive & New York Representative Samuel Andrews, Chemist & First Chief of Refining Operations Charles Pratt, Senior Executive Henry H. Rogers, Senior Executive Oliver H. Payne, Senior Executive Daniel O'Day, Senior Executive Jabez A. Bostwick, Senior Executive & First Treasurer William G. Warden,[3] Senior Executive Jacob Vandergrift,[4] Senior Executive |
| Produk | Bahan bakar, pelumas, petrokimia |
Karyawan | 60.000 (1909)[5] |
Standard Oil mendominasi pasar produk minyak melalui integrasi horizontal di sektor pengilangan, dan kemudian juga pada integrasi vertikal. Standard Oil menguasai produksi dan logistik, memangkas harga, dan mematikan kompetitornya. Para kritikus menuduh Standard memasang harga agresif untuk menghancurkan kompetitornya dan membentuk monopoli yang membahayakan konsumen.
John D. Rockefeller merupakan pendiri dan pemegang saham utama. Dengan dipecahnya Standard Oil menjadi 33 perusahaan yang lebih kecil, Rockefeller menjadi orang terkaya dunia pada waktu itu.
Referensi
sunting- ^ "John D. and Standard Oil". Bowling Green State University. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-07.
- ^ "Rockefellers Timeline". PBS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-31. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-07.
- ^ WARDEN WINTER HOME - Florida Historical Markers on Waymarking.com
- ^ "Jacob Vandergrift…Transportation Pioneer | Oil150.com". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-03-14. Diakses tanggal 2014-02-03.
- ^ The Project Gutenberg eBook of Random Reminiscences, by John D. Rockefeller
- ^ "Exxon Mobil - Our history". Exxon Mobil Corp. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-11-12. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-03.
Bibliografi
sunting- Anderson, Irvine H. Jr., The Standard-Vacuum Oil Co. and United States East Asian Policy, 1933-1941, Princeton University Press, 1975.
- Bringhurst, Bruce. Antitrust and the Oil Monopoly: The Standard Oil Cases, 1890–1911. New York: Greenwood Press, 1979.
- Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998.
- Cochran, S., Encountering Chinese Networks: Western, Japanese, and Chinese Corporations in China, 1880-1937, University of California Press, 2000.
- Droz, R.V. Whatever Happened to Standard Oil?, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2005.
- Folsom, Jr., Burton W. John D. Rockefeller and the Oil Industry Diarsipkan 2007-03-12 di Wayback Machine. from The Myth of the Robber Barons. New York: Young America, 2003.
- Giddens, Paul H. Standard Oil Co. (Companies and men). New York: Ayer Co. Publishing, 1976.
- Henderson, Wayne. Standard Oil: The First 125 Years. New York: Motorbooks International, 1996.
- Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. History of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey: Pioneering in Big Business 1882–1911). New York: Ayer Co. Publishing, 1987.
- Jones; Eliot. The Trust Problem in the United States 1922. Chapter 5; online edition
- Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
- Knowlton, Evelyn H. and George S. Gibb. History of Standard Oil Co.: Resurgent Years 1911–1927. New York: Harper & Row, 1956.
- Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons 1927–1950 (History of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey), Volume 3). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
- Latham, Earl ed. John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman?, 1949. Primary and secondary sources.
- Manns, Leslie D. "Dominance in the Oil Industry: Standard Oil from 1865 to 1911" in David I. Rosenbaum ed, Market Dominance: How Firms Gain, Hold, or Lose it and the Impact on Economic Performance. Praeger, 1998. online edition
- Montague, Gilbert Holland. The Rise And Progress of the Standard Oil Co. (1902) online edition
- Montague, Gilbert Holland. "The Rise and Supremacy of the Standard Oil Co.," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2 (February, 1902), pp. 265–292 in JSTOR
- Montague, Gilbert Holland. "The Later History of the Standard Oil Co.," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (February, 1903), pp. 293–325 in JSTOR
- Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
- Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
- Nowell, Gregory P. (1994). Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900–1939. Cornell University Press.
- Standard Oil Co. of California. Whatever happened to Standard Oil? Diarsipkan 2013-06-05 di Wayback Machine., 1980. Retrieved June 25, 2005.
- Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Co. Diarsipkan 2004-02-20 di Wayback Machine., 1904. The famous original expose in McClure's Magazine of Standard Oil.
- Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey), Exxon Corp., 1950–1975. New York: Harpercollins, 1989.
- Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899, 1959: vol 2, American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy 1899–1959, 1964. The standard history of the oil industry. online edition of vol 1
- Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Pranala luar
sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Standard Oil.
- The Dismantling of The Standard Oil Trust
- The History of the Standard Oil Co. Diarsipkan 2018-11-24 di Wayback Machine. by Ida Tarbell
- Educate Yourself- Standard Oil -- Part I Diarsipkan 2004-12-20 di Wayback Machine.
- Witch-hunting Diarsipkan 2018-09-12 di Wayback Machine. for Robber Barons: The Standard Oil Story by Lawrence W. Reed—argues Standard Oil was not a coercive monopoly.
- The Truth About the "Robber Barons"—arguing that Stand Oil was not a monopoly.
- Google Books: Dynastic America and Those Who Own It, 2003 (1921), by Henry H. Klein
- Standard Oil Trust original Stock Certificate signed by John. D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, Henry M. Flagler and Jabez Abel Bostwick - 1882 Diarsipkan 2018-09-12 di Wayback Machine.
- Whatever happened to Standard Oil?: Pre-1911 and Post-1911 Diarsipkan 2006-06-18 di Wayback Machine.—Timeline of the various subsidiaries
- Standard Oil around the World: Post-1911 Diarsipkan 2013-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
- CHARLES A. WHITESHOT: THE OIL-WELL DRILLER.A HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S GREATEST ENTERPRISE, THE OIL INDUSTRY Publisher: MANNINGTON 1905