Ganja dan agama

Agama-agama berbeda memiliki pendirian yang beragam terhadap pemakaian ganja, baik dulu maupun sekarang. Pada zaman kuno, beberapa agama memakai ganja sebagai enteogen, terutama di anak benua India dimana tradisi tersebut masih berlanjut pada basis yang lebih terbatas.

Bahá'í

Dalam Kepercayaan Bahá'í, pemakaian alkohol dan obat-obatan memabukkan, yang bertentangan dengan resep obat, dilarang.^[1]

Buddha

Dalam agama Buddha, Pancasila menyatakan "Aku bertekad untuk melatih diri menghindari segala minuman dan makanan yang dapat menyebabkan lemahnya kewaspadaan", meskipun dalam beberapa terjemahan, Pancasila secara spesifik merujuk kepada alkohol.^[2] Ganja dan beberapa tanaman psikoaktif lainnya secara spesifik disebutkan dalam Tantra Mahākāla untuk tujuan pengobatan.^[3]

Kristen

Katolik

Sebelum menjabat sebagai pemimpin Gereja Katolik. Paus Fransisikus menentang ganja rekreasional. Pada 2013, ia menyatakan di Buenos Aires: "Mengurangi penyebaran dan akibat narkoba tidak bisa dicapai dengan liberalisasi perdagangan narkoba."^[4] Katekismus Gereja Katolik menyatakan bahwa "Pemakaian narkotika mengakibatkan kerugian besar bagi kesehatan dan kehidupan manusia. Selain penggunaan obat-obatan karena alasan medis semata-mata, pemakaian narkotika merupakan kesalahan susila yang bobotnya berat."^[5]

Ortodoks

Gereja Ortodoks Georgia menentang legalisasi ganja di Georgia.^[6]

Protestan

Arkansas Baptist State Convention menyatakan penolakan terhadap ganja medis pada 2016.^[7]

Hindu

Dalam perayaan Hindu Holi, orang-orang menyantap bhang yang mengandung bunga ganja.^[8]^[9]

Islam

Al-Qur'an tak secara langsung melarang ganja. Terdapat kontroversi di kalangan ulama Muslim soal apakah ganja masuk dalam kategori khamr (minuman beralkohol) dan sehingga dapat dinyatakan haram.^[10]^[11] Ulama lain, khususnya dalam Islam Syiah, menganggap ganja bersifat halal.^[12]

Yahudi

Meskipun argumen tersebut tak diterima oleh para cendekiawan arus utama, beberapa penulis berteori bahwa ganja dipakai dalam upacara Yahudi awal, meskipun klaim tersebut "kebanyakan disebabkan oleh kesalahpahaman".^[13]^[14] Sula Benet (1967) mengklaim bahwa tanaman kaneh bosm קְנֵה-בֹשֶׂם yang disebutkan lima kali dalam Alkitab Ibrani, dan dipakai dalam minyak urapan kudus dari Kitab Keluaran, pada kenyataannya adalah ganja,^[15] meskipun leksikon Ibrani dan kamus tumbuhan Alkitab seperti buatan Michael Zohary (1985), Hans Arne Jensen (2004), James A. Duke (2010) dan lainnya mengidentifikasikan tanaman tersebut dengan Acorus calamus atau Cymbopogon citratus.^[16]

Referensi

^ Khali Akhtar Khavari; Teresa McCray Harmon (1982). "The Relationship between the Degree of Professed Religious Belief and Use of Drugs". International Journal of the Addictions. 17 (5): 847–857. doi:10.3109/10826088209056331.
^ Yin-Shun, Venerable (1998). Wing H. Yeung, M.D., ed. The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master. Wisdom Publications. hlm. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-231-11286-4.
^ Stablein WG. The Mahākālatantra: A Theory of Ritual Blessings and Tantric Medicine. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. 1976. p 21-2,80,255-6,36,286,5.
^ Bindrim, Kira (June 20, 2014). "Pope Francis Speaks Out Against Legalization of Marijuana and Other Drugs". Newsweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-09-14. Diakses tanggal September 19, 2018.
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-21. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-18.
^ "Fighting Georgia's draconian anti-drug law". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2017-02-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-02. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-02.
^ Tom Strode. "Marijuana legalization on 9 state ballots". Bpnews.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-06.
^ Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. Simla, India: Government Central Printing House. 1894. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-27. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-12. Chapter IX: Social and Religious Customs.
^ "The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marijuana". National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-08-13.
^ Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed (2003). Islam: Questions and Answers - Pedagogy Education and Upbringing. MSA Publication Limited. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-1-86179-296-9.
^ Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, Colombo Plan Bureau (1975). First National Workshop on Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse in Pakistan 25–30 August 1975. Rawalpindi: Workshop Report. hlm. 54.
^ Maziyar Ghiabi (2018). "Islam and cannabis: Legalisation and religious debate in Iran". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 56: 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.009. PMC 6153265  . PMID 29635140.
^ (Merlin, 2003)
^ Economic Botany M. D. Merlin Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World - University of Hawaii Diarsipkan 2017-09-03 di Wayback Machine. "23 May 2011 - ".. Judaism (Dure 2001; Merkur 2000), and Christianity (Allegro 1970; Ruck et al. 2001). Although this hypothesis and some of the specific case studies (e.g., Allegro 1970) have been widely dismissed as erroneous, others continue"
^ Rowan Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, Health & Fitness, 1995, pag. 89
^ Lytton J. Musselman Figs, dates, laurel, and myrrh: plants of the Bible and the Quran 2007 p73

Bacaan tambahan

Booth, Martin. (2004). Cannabis: A History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-32220-8
Shields, Rev. Dennis (1995). The Holy Herb. Source: "The Religion of Jesus Church - The Holy Herb". Hialoha.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-11. Diakses tanggal 2011-04-20.
Bennett, Chris, "Cannabis and the Soma Solution", (Trineday, 2010) ISBN 0984185801
Bennett, Chris; McQueen, Neil, "Sex, Drugs, Violence and the Bible" (Forbidden Fruit Publishing.com) ISBN 1550567985
Bennett, Chris; Lynn Osburn & Judy Osburn (1995). Green Gold the Tree of Life: Marijuana in Magic & Religion. CA: Access Unlimited. ISBN 0-9629872-2-0
The Sacred Plants of our Ancestors by Christian Rätsch, published in TYR: Myth—Culture—Tradition Vol. 2, 2003–2004 - ISBN 0-9720292-1-4
Jackson, Simon (2007). ' 'Cannabis & Meditation - An Explorer's Guide'. Headstuff Books. ISBN 978-0-9553853-1-5. Second Edition (2009) ISBN 978-0-9553853-4-6

Pranala luar

Nectar of Delight: The Early History of Cannabis Diarsipkan 2008-06-22 di Wayback Machine., from Plants of the Gods by Schultes & Hofmann
Cannabis in Ancient Greece Diarsipkan 2023-06-06 di Wayback Machine. by Chris Bennett, August 2016
Resurrection of the Higher Self Diarsipkan 2023-07-21 di Wayback Machine. by Matthew Webb, July 1989
Elevation Ministries Diarsipkan 2023-04-03 di Wayback Machine., based in Denver, Colorado
Greenfaith Ministry Diarsipkan 2023-02-19 di Wayback Machine., based in Nunn, Colorado
The Healing Church Diarsipkan 2023-06-06 di Wayback Machine., Catholic organization in Providence, Rhode Island

[1] Khali Akhtar Khavari; Teresa McCray Harmon (1982). "The Relationship between the Degree of Professed Religious Belief and Use of Drugs". International Journal of the Addictions. 17 (5): 847–857. doi:10.3109/10826088209056331.

[yinshun-2] Yin-Shun, Venerable (1998). Wing H. Yeung, M.D., ed. The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master. Wisdom Publications. hlm. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-231-11286-4.

[3] Stablein WG. The Mahākālatantra: A Theory of Ritual Blessings and Tantric Medicine. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University. 1976. p 21-2,80,255-6,36,286,5.

[4] Bindrim, Kira (June 20, 2014). "Pope Francis Speaks Out Against Legalization of Marijuana and Other Drugs". Newsweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-09-14. Diakses tanggal September 19, 2018.

[5] "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-21. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-18.

[6] "Fighting Georgia's draconian anti-drug law". New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2017-02-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-02. Diakses tanggal 2019-05-02.

[7] Tom Strode. "Marijuana legalization on 9 state ballots". Bpnews.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-06.

[commission-8] Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. Simla, India: Government Central Printing House. 1894. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-27. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-12. Chapter IX: Social and Religious Customs.

[9] "The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marijuana". National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-08-13.

[10] Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Saed (2003). Islam: Questions and Answers - Pedagogy Education and Upbringing. MSA Publication Limited. hlm. 123. ISBN 978-1-86179-296-9.

[11] Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, Colombo Plan Bureau (1975). First National Workshop on Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse in Pakistan 25–30 August 1975. Rawalpindi: Workshop Report. hlm. 54.

[12] Maziyar Ghiabi (2018). "Islam and cannabis: Legalisation and religious debate in Iran". The International Journal on Drug Policy. 56: 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.009. PMC 6153265  . PMID 29635140.

[13] (Merlin, 2003)

[14] Economic Botany M. D. Merlin Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World - University of Hawaii Diarsipkan 2017-09-03 di Wayback Machine. "23 May 2011 - ".. Judaism (Dure 2001; Merkur 2000), and Christianity (Allegro 1970; Ruck et al. 2001). Although this hypothesis and some of the specific case studies (e.g., Allegro 1970) have been widely dismissed as erroneous, others continue"

[15] Rowan Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, Health & Fitness, 1995, pag. 89

[16] Lytton J. Musselman Figs, dates, laurel, and myrrh: plants of the Bible and the Quran 2007 p73

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