Kekuasaan lunak
Kekuasaan lunak adalah konsep yang dikembangkan oleh Joseph Nye dari Universitas Harvard untuk menyebut kemampuan menarik perhatian dan menyertai dengan cara selain koersi (kekuasaan keras), persuasi menggunakan paksaan atau memberi uang. Kekuasaan lunak adalah kemampuan mengubah pilihan orang lain dengan cara membujuk dan menarik perhatian. Kekuasaan lunak bersifat non-koersif. Hal-hal yang dipertimbangkan dalam kekuasaan lunak adalah budaya, nilai politik, dan kebijakan luar negeri. Belakangan ini, istilah ini juga dipakai untuk menyebut perubahan opini masyarakat melalui saluran yang kurang transparan dan lobi melalui organisasi politik dan non-politik besar. Pada tahun 2012, Nye menjelaskan bahwa dengan kekuasaan lunak, "propaganda terbaik bukanlah propaganda." Menurutnya, pada Zaman Informasi, "kredibilitas menjadi sumber daya yang paling langka."[1]
Joseph Nye menciptakan istilah ini dalam bukunya yang terbit tahun 1990, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. Menurutnya, ketika sebuah negara berhasil membujuk negara lain untuk memiliki keinginan yang sama, negara tersebut tergolong kooptif atau memiliki kekuasaan lunak, berbeda dengan kekuasaan keras yang memaksa negara lain untuk memiliki keinginan yang sama.[2] Ia mengembangkan kembali konsep ini dalam bukunya, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (2004). Istilah ini telah digunakan secara luas dalam hubungan luar negeri oleh para analis dan negarawan. Misalnya, Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat Robert Gates berpendapat bahwa kekuasaan lunak Amerika Serikat dapat diperbaiki dengan "meningkatkan secara drastis anggaran instrumen sipil keamanan nasional, yaitu diplomasi, komunikasi strategis, bantuan luar negeri, aksi sipil, dan rekonstruksi dan pembangunan ekonomi."[3] Pada tahun 2011, ketika Xi Jinping hendak menggantikan Hu Jintao, Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Tiongkok ke-17 mengadakan rapat pleno khusus untuk membahas budaya. Komunike terakhirnya menyatakan bahwa tujuan nasional Tiongkok adalah "membangun negara kita sebagai negara adikuasa di bidang budaya sosialis."[4] Tahun 2014, Xi mengumumkan bahwa kekuasaan lunak Tiongkok harus ditingkatkan, memperbaiki citra Tiongkok, dan menyampaikan pesan Tiongkok secara lebih baik ke seluruh dunia.[5]
Menurut laporan Soft Power World Rankings tahun 2015 dari Comres, Portland Communications, dan Facebook, Britania Raya menempati peringkat pertama sebagai negara berkekuasaan lunak terbaik, diikuti Jerman, Amerika Serikat, Prancis, Kanada, Australia, Swiss, Jepang, Swedia, dan Belanda.[6][7][8] Menurut Monocle Soft Power Survey 2014, Amerika Serikat menempati peringkat pertama.[9] Elcano Global Presence Report menempatkan Uni Eropa secara keseluruhan[10] dan Amerika Serikat secara spesifik di posisi pertama.[11][12] Laporan tersebut juga menempatkan Tiongkok, Rusia, Spanyol, dan Italia di sepuluh peringkat teratas.
Daftar Peringkat
suntingDunia
sunting| Portland's The Soft Power 30 Report 2018[13] |
Monocle's Soft Power Survey 2018/19[9] |
Portland's The Soft Power 30 2015[14] |
Elcano's Global Presence Report 2017 Soft presence[11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Asia
suntingThe Asia Soft Power 10 Report 2018[13] | |
| Rank | Negara |
|---|---|
 Jepang
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 Republik Korea
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 Singapura
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 Tiongkok
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 Republik Tiongkok
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 Thailand
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 Malaysia
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 India
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 Indonesia
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 Filipina
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Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ Nye, Joseph (8 May 2012). "China's Soft Power Deficit To catch up, its politics must unleash the many talents of its civil society". The Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 6 December 2014.
- ^ Nye, Joseph.Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power(New York: Basic Books, 1990).
- ^ Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense, Manhattan, Kansas, Monday, November 26, 2007.http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1199
- ^ The red carpet, China's film industry, December 21st, 2013 http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21591741-red-carpet
- ^ David Shambaugh, China's Soft-power Push,Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-16/china-s-soft-power-push
- ^ McClory, Jonathan (14 August 2015). "The Soft Power 30 World Rankings" (PDF). Comres. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-11-20. Diakses tanggal 2 November 2015.
- ^ "Softly Does It'". The Economist. 18 July 2015. Diakses tanggal 2 November 2015.
- ^ "UK is global leader in soft power, world's most comprehensive analysis finds" (PDF). Facebook, Comres, Portland Group. 14 July 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-11-10. Diakses tanggal 2 November 2015.
- ^ a b "Soft Power Survey 2014/15". Monocle. 2015. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-27.
- ^ Pages 23-24, 26: Including the European Union and excluding its member states, EU soft presence scores 52.2% of 1214.9, U.S. soft presence scores 46.8% of 1099.6
- ^ a b "Elcano Global Presence Report 2015" (PDF). Real Instituto Elcano. 2015. hlm. 20. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-06-03. Diakses tanggal December 5, 2015.
- ^ "From Seville to Brussels: The Architecture of Global Presence". International Relations and Security Network. October 28, 2015. Diakses tanggal December 9, 2015.
Our partners at the Elcano Royal Institute have released their latest edition of the Global Presence Index. It confirms that the EU – if perceived as a single global actor – has the greatest degree of ‘presence’ in the world, largely because of the contributions of the UK, Germany and France.
- ^ a b "The Soft Power 30 - Ranking" (PDF). Portland.
- ^ "The Soft Power 30 - Ranking". Portland. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 16 Juli 2015. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2019.
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting- Giulio Gallarotti, Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010, how hard and soft power can be combined to optimize national power
- Giulio Gallarotti, The Power Curse: Influence and Illusion in World Politics, Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Press, 2010, an analysis of how the over reliance on hard power can diminish the influence of nations.
- Giulio Gallarotti. "Soft Power: What it is, Why It's Important, and the Conditions Under Which it Can Be Effectively Used" Journal of Political Power (2011), works.bepress.com.
- Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, Routledge, 2010.
- Steven Lukes, "Power and the battle for hearts and minds: on the bluntness of soft power," in Felix Berenskoetter and M.J. Williams, eds. Power in World Politics, Routledge, 2007.
- Janice Bially Mattern, "Why Soft Power Isn't So Soft," in Berenskoetter and Williams.
- J.S. Nye, "Notes for a soft power research agenda," in Berenskoetter and Williams.
- Young Nam Cho and Jong Ho Jeong, "China's Soft Power," Asia Survey 48, 3, pp. 453–72.
- Yashushi Watanabe and David McConnell, eds, Soft Power Superpowers: Cultural and National Assets of Japan and the United States, London, M E Sharpe, 2008.
- Ingrid d'Hooghe, "Into High Gear: China's Public Diplomacy", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, No. 3 (2008), pp. 37–61.
- Ingrid d'Hooghe, "The Rise of China's Public Diplomacy", Clingendael Diplomacy Paper No. 12, The Hague, Clingendael Institute, July 2007, ISBN 978-90-5031-117-5, 36 pp.
- "Playing soft or hard cop," The Economist, January 19, 2006.
- Y. Fan, (2008) "Soft power: the power of attraction or confusion", Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4:2, available at bura.brunel.ac.uk.
- Bruce Jentleson, "Principles: The Coming of a Democratic Century?" from American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century.
- Prieto Gutierrez, J. J. (2015). World Libraries, the Diplomatic Role of Cultural Agencies. European Review, 23(03), 361-368 [1] Diarsipkan 2016-09-07 di Wayback Machine.
- Jan Melissen, "Wielding Soft Power," Clingendael Diplomacy Papers, No 2, Clingendael, Netherlands, 2005.
- Chicago Council on Global Affairs, "Soft Power in East Asia" June 2008.
- Joseph Nye, The Powers to Lead, NY Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Nye, Joseph, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics[pranala nonaktif permanen].
- Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power is Transforming the World (Yale University Press, 2007). Analysis of China's use of soft power to gain influence in the world's political arena.
- John McCormick The European Superpower (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). Argues that the European Union has used soft power effectively to emerge as an alternative and as a competitor to the heavy reliance of the US on hard power.
- Ian Manners, Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?, princeton.edu
- Matthew Fraser, Weapons of Mass Distraction: Soft Power and American Empire (St. Martin's Press, 2005). Analysis is focused on the pop culture aspect of soft power, such as movies, television, pop music, Disneyland, and American fast-food brands including Coca-Cola and McDonald's.
- Middle East Policy Journal: Talking With a Region, mepc.org
- Salvador Santino Regilme, The Chimera of Europe's Normative Power in East Asia: A Constructivist Analysis Regilme, Salvador Santino Jr. (March 2011). "The Chimera of Europe's Normative Power in East Asia: A Constructivist Analysis" (PDF). Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. 5 (1): 69–90. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-03-12. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-27.
Pranala luar
sunting
- House of Lords - The UK's soft power assets: their role and function (publications.parliament.uk)
- Barack Obama & the use of soft power
- Global Power Barometer
- Is China’s new communications worldview coming of age? Diarsipkan 2011-03-14 di Wayback Machine. David Bandurski
- The Benefits of Soft Power Diarsipkan 2006-03-20 di Wayback Machine.
- Simulation and Soft Power
- Soft Power definition Diarsipkan 2011-01-20 di Wayback Machine.
- Soft Power, Smart Power and Intelligent Power A lecture in honor of Joseph Nye
- Scandal Erodes China’s Soft Power, Frank Ching