Sejarah kartografi

^[1]Kartografi, atau pembuatan peta, telah menjadi bagian integral dari sejarah manusia selama ribuan tahun. Dari lukisan gua sampai peta kuno dari Babilon, Yunani, dan Asia, melewati Zaman Penjelajahan, dan memasuki abad ke-21, orang menciptakan dan menggunakan peta sebagai alat penting untuk membantu mereka menentukan, menjelaskan, dan menavigasi arah mereka di seluruh dunia. Peta mulai sebagai lukisan dua dimensi namun juga bisa mendukung bentuk tiga dimensi (globe, model) dan disimpan dalam bentuk numerik murni.

Peta Fra Mauro, sebuah peta Eropa abad pertengahan yang terkenal, dibuat sekitar tahun 1450 oleh biarawan Venesia Fra Mauro, berupa sebuah peta dunia melingkar yang digambar di atas perkamen dan ditempatkan dalam bingkai kayu, berdiameter sekitar dua meter

Istilah kartografi adalah istilah modern, dipinjamkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris dari bahasa Prancis cartographie pada tahun 1840-an, berdasarkan Latin Pertengahan carta "peta".

Peta yang paling awal dikenal

Peta yang paling awal dikenal adalah bintang-bintang, bukan bumi. Noktah-noktah yang berasal dari tahun 16.500 SM ditemukan di dinding gua Lascaux memetakan bagian dari langit malam, termasuk tiga bintang terang Vega, Deneb, dan Altair (rasi bintang Segitiga Musim Panas), serta gugus bintang Pleiades. Gua El Castillo di Spanyol di dalamnya terdapat sebuah peta noktah dari konstelasi Corona Borealis yang berasal dari tahun 12.000 SM.^[2]^[3]^[1]

Catatan

^ ^a ^b http://www.infis.org/0000009a440fb2e03/0000009a4507dc512.html Diarsipkan August 28, 2008, di Wayback Machine.
^ "Ice Age star map discovered". BBC News. 9 August 2000.
^ http://members.optusnet.com.au/gtosiris/page11-1a.html Diarsipkan January 30, 2007, di Wayback Machine.

Referensi

Bagrow, L., revised by R.A. Skelton (1986). History of Cartography. Transaction Publishers.
Crawford, P.V. (1973). "The perception of graduated squares as cartographic symbols". The Cartographic Journal. 10 (2): 85–88. doi:10.1179/caj.1973.10.2.85.
Edney, Matthew H.; Pedley, Mary S. (ed.). "Cartography in the European Enlightenment". The History of Cartography. 4. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
ESRI (2004). ESRI Cartography: Capabilities and Trends. Redlands.
Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, ed. (1987). "Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean". The History of Cartography. 1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5.
Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, ed. (1987). "Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies". The History of Cartography. II–1. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31635-1.
Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, ed. (1987). "Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies". The History of Cartography. II–2. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31637-8.
Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David, ed. (1987). "Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies". The History of Cartography. II–3. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-90728-7.
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Imus, D.; Dunlavey, P (2002). Back to the Drawing Board: Cartography vs the Digital Workflow. Hood, Oregon: MT.
Jeer, S. (1997). Traditional Color Coding for Land Uses. American Planning Association. hlm. 4–5.
Kain, Roger J. P (ed.). "Cartography in the 19th century". The History of Cartography. 5. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
MacEachren, A.M. (1994). Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University.
MacEachren, A.M. (1995). How Maps Work. New York: The Guilford Press.
"Map Imitations". Library and Archives Canada. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-05.
Monmonier, Mark (1991). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-53421-9.
Monmonier, Mark (1993). Mapping It Out. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Monmonier, Mark, ed. (2015). "Cartography in the Twentieth Century". The History of Cartography. 6. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53469-5.
Olson, Judy M (1975). "Experience and the improvement of cartographic communication". The Cartographic Journal. 12 (2): 94–108. doi:10.1179/caj.1975.12.2.94.
Phillips, R.; De Lucia, A.; Skelton, A (1975). "Some Objective Tests of the Legibility of Relief Maps". The Cartographic Journal. 12: 39–46. doi:10.1179/caj.1975.12.1.39.
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Pickles, John (2003). A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-Coded World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-14497-3.
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Robinson, A.H. (1953). Elements of Cartography. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Robinson, Arthur H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Slocum, T. (1999). Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Sullivan, David (2000), A translation of the full text of the Mercator atlas of 1595 (PDF), diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-10
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"A Mathematical Method for Visualizing Ptolemy's India in Modern GIS Tools".

Pranala luar

Imago Mundi journal of History of Cartography
The History of Cartography journal published by the University of Chicago Press
Euratlas Historical Maps History maps from year zero AD
The History of Cartography Project at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping
Three volumes of The History of Cartography are available free in PDF format
The history of cartography Diarsipkan 2008-05-24 di Wayback Machine. at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland
Mapping History – a learning resource from the British Library
Modern Medieval Map Myths: The Flat World, Ancient Sea-Kings, and Dragons Diarsipkan 2006-02-09 di Wayback Machine.
Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography Diarsipkan 2011-10-26 di Wayback Machine., Newberry Library
Newberry Library Cartographic Catalog: map catalog and bibliography of the history of cartography
American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection
David Rumsey Historical map collection licensed under a Creative Commons License

See Maps for more links to historical maps; however, most of the largest sites are listed at the sites linked below.

Eratosthenes Map of the Earth, and Measuring of its Circumference Diarsipkan 2007-07-13 di Wayback Machine. at Convergence
Ancient World Maps
A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar
Historical Altas in Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
Old Maps Online

[:0-1] ttp://www.infis.org/0000009a440fb2e03/0000009a4507dc512.html Diarsipkan August 28, 2008, di Wayback Machine.

[2] "Ice Age star map discovered". BBC News. 9 August 2000.

[3] ttp://members.optusnet.com.au/gtosiris/page11-1a.html Diarsipkan January 30, 2007, di Wayback Machine.

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