United States Merchant Marine
United States Merchant Marine[1][2] merujuk kepada marinir sipil Ameriks Serikat, atau kapal-kapal dagang AS milik sipil dan federal. Baik marinir sipil dan kapal dagang diurus oleh campuran sektor pemerintah dan swasta, dan melakukan komersial atau transportasi barang dan jasa di dalam atau di luar perairan ternavigasi Amerika Serikat.[3] Merchant Marine biasanya mentransportasikan kargo dan penumpang masa damai; pada masa perang, Merchant Marine dapat menjadi auksilier untuk Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat, dan dapat dipanggil untuk mengirim personil dan materil militer untuk militer.[4] Para perwira Merchant Marine juga ditugaskan menjadi perwira militer oleh Departemen Pertahanan. Ini umum dilakukan dengan memasukkan para perwira Merchant Marine ke dalam Strategic Sealift Officers pada Naval Reserves.[5][6][7]
Catatan
sunting- ^ Beberapa negara pemakai bahasa Inggris menyebut armada mereka dengan sebutan Merchant Navy. Istilah serupa untuk marinir mesin adalah Marine Marchande dalam bahasa Prancis dan Marina Mercante dalam bahasa Spanyol.
- ^ e-CFR: Title 49: Transportation PART 1—ORGANIZATION AND DELEGATION OF POWERS AND DUTIES Subpart D—Operating Administrations (dalam bahasa Inggris), diakses tanggal 2017-02-17
- ^ eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations (dalam bahasa Inggris), diakses tanggal 2015-10-23
- ^ Maritime Administration. "Frequently Asked Questions—What does the Maritime Administration do?". Maritime Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-11. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Become a Merchant Marine with America's Navy : Navy.com". www.navy.com. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-09.
- ^ Office;, Webmaster: David Brown; Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems Directorate; Code N6; phone 202-685-5326 e-mail: webmaster@msc.navy.mil. Approval authority: MSC Public Affairs. "Sealift -- New direction for merchant mariners in Navy Reserve". www.msc.navy.mil. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-09.
- ^ "Strategic Sealift Officer". Diakses tanggal 2016-08-09.
Referensi
sunting- "American Merchant Marine at War". usmm.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-02-28. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- "Casualty statistics World War II". usmm.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-10-25. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- "GAO-14-93, MILITARY PERSONNEL, Actions Needed to Improve Evaluation and Oversight of Reserve Officers' Training Corps Programs" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Committees. Diakses tanggal 2017-02-04.
- Gibson, E. Kay (2006). Brutality on Trial: Hellfire Pedersen, Fighting Hansen, And the Seaman's Act of 1915. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. hlm. 225. ISBN 0-8130-2991-0.
- Hayler, William B. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cornell Maritime Pr. ISBN 0-87033-549-9.
- "The Merchant Marines in the Korean War". United States Army. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-16. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- Herbert, Brian. "review of The Forgotten Heroes: The Heroic Story of the United States Merchant Marine". Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Marvin, Winthrop L. (1919) [1919]. "Merchant Marine of the United States". The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. 18. New York and Chicago: Encyclopedia Americana Corp. hlm. 657–664. Diakses tanggal 2008-04-20.
- Pro, Joanna (2004-05-30). "Unsung Heroes of World War II: Seamen of the Merchant Marine still struggle for recognition". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- "Recipients of Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal". usmm.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-21. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- Seafarers International Union - War's Forgotten Heroes (Article) Diarsipkan 2011-05-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Thomas, Guy. "A Maritime Traffic-Tracking System: Cornerstone of Maritime Homeland Defense". Naval War College Regiew. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-05-17. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- Thomas, Michelle. "Lost at Sea and Lost at Home: The Predicament of Seafaring Families" (PDF). Seafarers International Research Centre. Cardiff University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-06-20. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (edisi ke-4th). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-056-X.
- "United States". CIA World Factbook. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal March 13, 2007.
- "United States Merchant Marine Served in all Wars Since the Revolutionary War". usmm.org. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-01.
- "World Merchant Fleet, 2005" (PDF). U.S. Maritime Administration. hlm. 9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-02-21. Diakses tanggal March 13, 2007.
Pranala luar
sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai United States Merchant Marine.
- Merchant Marine and USCG Training Resources
- Heave Ho — The United States Merchant Marine Anthem Diarsipkan 2007-05-26 di Wayback Machine. (lyrics only)
- Sea History at the National Maritime Historical Society Diarsipkan 2007-05-16 di Wayback Machine.
- The Marine Society Diarsipkan 2006-10-08 di Archive.is (the world's oldest seafarers' not-for-profit organisation)
- Women and the Sea: The Mariner's Museum.
- Women in Maritime History
- Lyrics to the official Merchant Marine song, "Heave Ho! My Lads, Heave Ho!", music and lyrics by Jack Lawrence Diarsipkan 2016-12-04 di Wayback Machine.
- Compilation of Maritime Law (U.S. 2006) Diarsipkan 2007-06-20 di Wayback Machine.
- American Merchant Marine at War - Revolution to World War II to today Diarsipkan 2011-02-28 di Wayback Machine.
- Maritime Trade & Transportation 2002 Diarsipkan 2011-05-25 di Wayback Machine. from the Bureau of Trade Statistics
- "Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in War", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan