Ụbọ akwara
Mgbịrịgba ehi (ma ọ bụ mgbịrịgba ehi) bụ mgbịrịgba nke a na-eyi n'olu anụ ụlọ na-eme njem n'efu ka ndị na-azụrụ anụ nwere ike na-eji ụda mgbịrịgba hụ anụmanụ mgbe anụmanụ ahụ na-ata nri n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ mbara ala buru ibu. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọkarị ha "mgbịrịgba ehi" n'ihi na ha na-eji ọtụtụ ehi eme ihe, a na-eji mgbịrịgba ahụ mee ihe n'ụdị anụmanụ dịgasị iche iche.
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
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The bell and clapper are commonly crafted from iron, bronze, brass, copper, or wood. The collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers. The craftsmanship of cow bells varies by geographic location and culture. Most cow bells are made of thin, flat pieces of plated sheet metal. Plating causes the sheet metal to have a surface which can be decorated or left plain. The ornaments on the cow bell and the collar are usually decorative although some cultures believe that certain ornaments provide or enhance magical protections such as the power to prevent or cure fever and other illnesses.[Tinye edensibịa][citation needed] Different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals, such as age, sex, and species. Some cultures have even developed names to differentiate between bells and their tones; for example, in Spanish, "truco" refers to stud males, "esquila" to female goats or ewes, and "esquileta" for pregnant females and immature animals. Each of these bells possess unique sounds, shapes, and sizes.
A na-eji mgbịrịgba na-edobe anụ ụlọ na-ata nri dịka ewu, ele, atụrụ na ehi. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na Europe, mpaghara Mediterenian na Latin America, mana ndị na-eme transhumance na-ejikwa ya eme ihe n'ụwa nile, gụnyere ebo ndị na-azụ anụ ọhịa na Africa na Asia. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-etinye mgbịrịgba na anụ ụlọ ha n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ụda mba ọzọ nke mgbịrịgba na-atụ egwu ndị na-eri anụ, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nnyocha egosiwo na ụda mgbịrịgba nwere mmetụta dị iche ma na-eduga ndị na-eri anụ na anụ ụlọ n'ihi na ndị na-eri anụ na-emepụta njikọ mmụta n'etiti ụda ahụ. nke mgbịrịgba na ọnụnọ anụ anụ. [1]
Ndị mmadụ na-elekarị Cowbells na ihe omume Alpine skiing, nakwa, ọkachasị na US, na agbụrụ cyclo-cross. A na-ejikarị ha n'aka kama iyi ha n'olu.
N'ime 1960s, Earl W. Terrell na Ralph L. Reeves weled aka na cowbells na Mississippi State University maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Taa nke butere 60,000 cowbells na-akụ gburugburu Mississippi State Bulldog Athletics. Steeti Mississippi nwere ugbu a ndekọ ụwa maka ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ ehi n'otu oge.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
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Ihe akaebe e gwupụtara n'ala banyere mgbịrịgba malitere ihe karịrị afọ 5000 gara aga, site na puku afọ nke atọ BC na Neolithic China.[2] N'oge a, e nwere ihe akaebe nke ụdị ụrọ ụrọ, nke a na-eji achọ ewu, atụrụ, na ehi. E mechara jiri mgbịrịgba ígwè dochie mgbịrịgba ite. N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Eshia, mgbịrịgba mbụ pụtara na 1000 BC.[2] Mgba ígwè mbụ, otu a chọtara na saịtị Taosi, na anọ na saịtị Erlitou, bụ nke e dere n'ihe dị ka 2000 BC.
A gbasaa mgbịrịgba maka ọzụzụ atụrụ site na crescent na-eme nri gaa na ọdịbendị Celtic, Carthage, Greek na Rom. Ihe ngosi mbụ nke mgbịrịgba eji eme anụ ụlọ na Britain pụtara na Nkume ndị Pictish a tụrụ atụ nke narị afọ nke 7 ruo 9 AD na Eassie, Angus[3] na Fowlis Wester, Perthshire.[4] Obere mgbịrịgba ígwè nke narị afọ nke 8 ma ọ bụ nke 9, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ maka ehi ma ọ bụ atụrụ, e gwupụtara ya n'ebe obibi ugbo dị n'elu ugwu na Crummack Dale na Gauber High Pasture na Yorkshire Dales.[5] Ihe ngosi mbụ nke bellwether, atụrụ na-eduga ìgwè atụrụ, nke a kwụnyere mgbịrịgba n'olu ya, dị na Carolingian Stuttgart Psalter nke narị afọ nke itoolu.[6]
Na Europe, ihe akaebe mbụ e dere ede nke mgbịrịgba eji eme anụ ụlọ sitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 14 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 15. Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. "Kuhschelle" na-ezo aka na 1410 aha na ebe nchekwa Frankfurt; OED depụtara 1440 dị ka ihe akaebe mbụ nke 'Bell-wether'. OED na-ekwukwa na ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "ịga mgbịrịgba" n'echiche "iwere ọnọdụ mbụ" dị ka nke na-ezo aka na ehi ma ọ bụ atụrụ na-eduga n'ụmụ ehi ma ọ dị n'ìgwè atụrụ na Troilus na Criseyde nke Chaucer, 1374. Na narị afọ nke iri na ise na Germany, ọ bụ naanị anụ ụlọ kachasị mma na nke na-eduga na-eyi mgbịrịgba ehi. [citation needed] Nkwekọrịta sara mbara nke mgbịrịgba anụ ụlọ na-eyi bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu n'ihu nke oge mmalite nke oge a. Na France n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na isii, Francois Rabelais mere ka omume a doo anya na Gargantua na Pantagruel ya, na-ekwu na A na-egosipụta mkpa mgbịrịgba ehi dị n'akụkọ ọdịnala Switzerland, nke na-egosiputa oge nnukwu Trychel, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mgbịrịgba nwa ehi, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke a na-achọsi ike. Akụkọ ifo nke Simmental na-akọ otú otu nwa agbọghọ na-azụ ehi si tụfuo n'ime ugwu, otu nwanyị mara mma na-enyekwa ya nhọrọ n'etiti akụ nke mkpụrụ ego ọlaedo, Trychel ọla edo, ma ọ bụ fada n'onwe ya. Ọ na-ahọrọ Trychel.[7]
N'adịghị ka mgbịrịgba a na-akpọkarị, a na-eji mpempe ígwè a na-akụ akụ mee 'trychlen'. Nke a na-eme ka ụda na-ada ụda, nke na-adịchaghị mma, mana n'otu oge ahụ na-eme na mgbịrịgba nke dị mfe ma si otú a dị mfe iburu.
N'oge a, mmepụta nke mgbịrịgba ehi na-aga n'ihu taa na Korea, Indonesia, na India, ọtụtụ n'ime ha mepụtara dị ka ọrụ aka obodo. N'agbanyeghị ọkụ nke May 2012 nke bibiri ụlọ ọrụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company na-aga n'ihu na-eme mgbịrịgba ehi na East Hampton, CT, dịka ọ dị kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya na 1832; ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ US fọdụrụ na-eme naanị mgbịrịgba.[8]
Ihe atụ nke mgbịrịgba ehi n'omenala
dezieN'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, mgbe snow gbazere n'oge opupu ihe ubi, obodo nta na-eziga ehi ndị ahụ gaa n'ala ahịhịa dị elu nke ugwu ka ha rie nri. A na-eme mmemme a, nke a na-akpọ Alpaufzug, n'obodo nta ọ bụla na-aga n'obodo nta ahụ gaa n'ala ahịhịa. A na-eji ogho okooko osisi kpara akpa ndị ahụ mma na mpi. Ehi kacha mma na-emepụta mmiri ara ehi n'ime ime obodo na-eduga ndị na-eme njem ma na-eyi mgbịrịgba kacha ukwuu. A na-eme mgbịrịgba ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche, a na-enyekwa ehi ndị ahụ dịka mmiri ara ehi ha si dị n'afọ ahụ.[9]
N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, a na-ekwughachi ihe omume ahụ, mana a na-akpọ ya "Alpabzug", ka ụmụ anụmanụ si n'ọhịa dị elu na-alọta. Ehi kachasị mma (nke ọ bụla a na-akpọ 'Kranzkuh', "okpueze" ehi", mgbe ejiji isi mara mma nke a na-achọ ya mma) sitere na ìgwè ehi ọ bụla na-eduga ngagharị ahụ ọzọ.[ed] A na-akpọ emume ọdịnala Viehscheid na Southern Germany, ma nwee aha ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Alpine.[10]
Nchegbu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ
dezieMgba ehi nwere ike ịdị elu dị ka decibel 113, a tụwokwa aro na nke a nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ ntị chiri n'ime anụmanụ na-eyi ha.[11] Nnyocha nke e bipụtara na 2015 chọpụtara na iyi mgbịrịgba n'ime ụbọchị atọ mere ka ehi ghara itinye oge dị nta na-eri nri, na-eri anụ, na-edina ala.[12] Ndị na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ, gụnyere German Animal Welfare Society, akpọọla ka a machibido iji mgbịrịgba ehi.[13]
Ihe ngosi
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Mgba maka ụmụ anụmanụ, ahịaKashgar -
Ememe Madoera oge ochie. Madoera (Madura), Sawah Tengah, East Java, Indonesia -
Ogwe aka sitere na omenalaTamilna SouthernIndia. -
Anụmanụ Blọlọlọlọ ndị Gris -
Anụmanụ ndị Mgbaaka -
Mgbatị mgbịrịgba Rom oge ochie na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Bavaria, Weißenburg (Bayern). -
Ihe olu osisi maka mgbịrịgba -
Ihe olu osisi ọzọ maka mgbịrịgba nwere akara ndị tụrụ atụ. -
Ebe a na-ahụ mgbịrịgba ígwè 1 -
Ebe a na-ahụ mgbịrịgba ígwè 2 -
Ehi Simmentaler Fleckvieh na-eyi mgbịrịgba 'trychel' -
Ngagharị nkeLa VijaneraEmeme (Cantabria) -
Iji ehi na-akọ ubi osikapa, n'ihe dị ka 1910-1920 na Sawa (Indonesia). -
Ụbọ akwara a na-eji eme ihe maka atụrụ ma ọ bụ ewu. A chọtara mgbịrịgba ahụ na 1988 nọhịa dị nso naTuqu' (Tekoa) na ugwu ndị Juu,West Bank. A na-eji aluminum eme ahụ mgbịrịgba ahụ, ma eleghị anya arịa kichin gbajiri agbaji, ebe clapper bụ igbe brasscartridge. -
Mgbaaka ehi ncheta Switzerland
Ebem si dee
dezie- ↑ Loveridge (24 January 2017). "Bells, bomas and beefsteak: complex patterns of human-predator conflict at the wildlife-agropastoral interface in Zimbabwe". PeerJ 5: e2898. DOI:10.7717/peerj.2898. PMID 28149682.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lothar Von Falkenhausen (1993). Suspended Music: Chime Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07378-4. Retrieved on February 8, 2013. “China produced the earliest bells anywhere in the world. The earliest metal bells may have been derived from pottery prototypes, which date back to the late stage of the Yang-Shao culture (early third millennium BC)”
- ↑ Eassie., Canmore ID 32092, retrieved 24 July, 2020.
- ↑ Fowlis Wester.'View of lower detail of reverse of Fowlis Wester Pictish cross slab', catalogue number SC 1458573, Canmore ID 26193, retrieved 24 July, 2020.
- ↑ Ingleborough Archaeology Group 2015. The Crummack Dale Project: Excavation of three early medieval steadings and a lime kiln. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority Report Number SYD 14070: pp. 81-82. Retrieved July 24, 2020 Available as PDF
- ↑ folio 164v. Württembergische Landesbibliothek Cod.bibl.fol.23. Retrieved 24 July, 2020.
- ↑ Lienert (1915). Die güldene Kuhschelle (in de). Retrieved on 2014-03-06.
- ↑ Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company. Archived from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved on 2024-07-15.
- ↑ Spicer (1958). Twelve Festivals of Switzerland. The H. W. Wilson Company. Retrieved on 2014-03-06.
- ↑ Larkin. "Alps: When the cows come home, it's party time", Stars and Stripes, August 25, 2005. Retrieved on October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Sam Frizell (September 25, 2014). No More Cowbell! Bovines May Be Hurt By Heavy, Noisy Bells, Study Finds. time.com. Time USA, LLC.. Retrieved on November 14, 2020.
- ↑ Johns (2015). "Do bells affect behaviour and heart rate variability in grazing dairy cows?". PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0131632. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0131632. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26110277.
- ↑ Justin Huggler (25 August 2015). German animal rights activists call for Bavarian cowbells to be silenced. telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Ltd.. Retrieved on November 14, 2020.