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Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha

Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha
IPCC report
na-esochiAkụkọ nnyocha mbụ nke IPCC Dezie
ndị sotereIPCC Third Assessment Report Dezie
ndị mbipụtaNgalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe Dezie

Akụkọ nyocha nke abụọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), nke e bipụtara na 1995, bụ nyocha nke ozi sayensị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị n'oge ahụ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe. E kewara akụkọ ahụ n'akụkụ anọ: nchịkọta iji nyere aka kọwaa UNFCCC isiokwu 2, The Science of Climate Change (Working Group I), Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Changes (WG II), Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Mgbanwe (WG III). Nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ atọ ikpeazụ bụ nke otu Working Group (WG) dị iche, nke ọ bụla nwere Summary for Policymakers (SPM) nke na-anọchite anya nkwekọrịta nke ndị nnọchi anya mba.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Logo.

SPM nke akụkọ WG nke mbụ nwere nkwupụta ndị a: Mmiri nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ anọgidewo na-abawanye; aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ na-emepụta ike radiative na-adịghị mma; ihu igwe agbanweela na narị afọ gara aga (okpomọkụ ikuku amụbawo n'etiti 0.3 na 0.6 °C kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu; atụmatụ a agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu kemgbe akụkọ 1990); Nkwekọ nke ihe akaebe na-egosi mmetụta mmadụ na ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ (ọganihu dị ukwuu kemgbe akụkọ nke 1990 na-emetụta n'etiti mmetụta okike na nke sitere n'etiti ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị metụtara; n'aka; n'ihi usoro ihe omume: usoro ihe omume). A na-atụ anya na ihu igwe ga-anọgide na-agbanwe n'ọdịnihu (ịbawanye eziokwu nke simulations na-eme ka obi sie ike; ihe ndị dị mkpa na-ejighị n'aka ka dị ma a na-eburu n'uche na ụdị atụmatụ ihe nlereanya). N'ikpeazụ, akụkọ ahụ kwuru na a ka nwere ọtụtụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka (atụle nke ikuku na-aga n'ihu na cycling biogeochemical; ụdị; data ngwaọrụ maka nnwale ihe nlereanya, nyocha nke mgbanwe, na nyocha nchọpụta).

Nchịkọta

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Akụkọ nyocha nke abụọ, nke akpọrọ Climate Change 1995, nwere akụkọ sitere na nke ọ bụla n'ime ìgwè ọrụ atọ ahụ, na akụkọ njikọ:

  • Akụkọ nke Working Group I: Sayensị nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe ().
  • Akụkọ nke Òtù Ọrụ nke Abụọ: Mmetụta, Mgbanwe na Mbelata nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Nnyocha Sayensị na Nkà ().
  • Akụkọ nke Òtù Ọrụ nke Atọ: Akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe ().
  • "Akụkọ zuru oke", nke nwere nchịkọta nke ozi sayensị na teknụzụ dị mkpa maka ịkọwa Akụkụ nke 2 nke UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, na nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu site na akụkọ atọ nke Working Group ().

Ihe karịrị puku ndị ọkachamara abụọ kwadebere akụkọ ndị a, ma "nwere ihe ndabere nke nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke sitere na akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara dịnụ ma jiri nlezianya nyochaa ya site n'aka ndị ọkachamara na gọọmentị. "

The Synthesis Report nyere ebumnuche ya dị ka inye ozi sayensị, teknụzụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ikpebi nleba anya nke ikuku griin ha ga-ewere dị ka "ntụnye aka nke anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe" yana nhazi ọdịnihu nke na-enye ohere maka mmepe akụ na ụba nke ga-adigide.

 

Mkpebi

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Òtù Ọrụ nke Mbụ, na-ahụ maka akụkụ sayensị nke ihu igwe, kwuru na "ikuku carbon dioxide ka bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-enye aka na mmanye anthropogenic nke mgbanwe ihu igwe;  Ntụle mgbanwe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọdịniihu na oke oke osimiri na-akwado ike omume mmadụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa ruo n'ókè a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ;  na ogologo oge-ọnụ ọgụgụ na-achịkwa ma nchịkọta nke ikuku griin haus na ikuku na nzaghachi nke usoro ihu igwe na nchịkọta ndị ahụ, pụtara na ọtụtụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe nke ọma". Òtù Ọrụ m mechara kọwaa akụkọ ya na Nnyocha Mbụ na nke Abụọ dị ka ọ na-aga n'ihu site na nghọta na a ghọtara mmetụta nke okpomọkụ, gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-abawanye (n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ), ya mere ọ ga-eduga na okpomọkụ ụwa dị ịrịba ama (ọ bụ ezie na enweghị nghọta na-egbochi amụma mpaghara ụfọdụ), na nghọta ka ukwuu (n'agbanyeghị na-agagide na-ejighị n'aka) na okpompe ụwa na-aga na-agafe ma o yikarị n'ihi ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ, na a ga-achọ mbelata dị ukwuu na ikuku na-ekpuchi ikuku.

Òtù Ọrụ nke Abụọ nyochara ma mmetụta dị iche iche nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ ihe dị ize ndụ nke mmadụ na-emetụta usoro ihu igwe, ebe Òtù Ọrụ Nke Atọ nyere ozi iji nyere mba aka "ime mkpebi ha kwenyere na ọ kachasị mma maka ọnọdụ ha".

Isi nke asatọ: Nchọpụta nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Nkwado nke Ihe kpatara ya

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N'ime usoro IPCC, "onye edemede na-eduga" maka isi ọ bụla na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-edugharị na ndị edemedo na-enye aka iji kwado nhazi nke isi ahụ, ma nye ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ka ha dee ngalaba ọ bụla nke isi ahụ. Gọọmentị na-ekere òkè wee nye nkọwa nyocha na draft ahụ, tinyere ya na nyocha nke e gosipụtara iji chọọ nnabata na nnọkọ zuru ezu nke IPCC.[1]

Onye isi oche IPCC bụ Bert Bolin nwere ihe isi ike ịchọta onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-ezukọ maka Isi nke 8. Mgbe igbu oge gasịrị, Benjamin D. Santer bụ onye na-eme nchọpụta postdoctoral na isiokwu ahụ kwadoro ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ahụ.  Ndị sonyere iri abụọ sitere na mba dị iche iche zutere na nzukọ mbụ na Livermore, California, na August 1994 iji chọpụta mpaghara isiokwu sayensị, na mkparịta ụka gara n'ihu site na email.  Na nnọkọ nhazi nke mbụ (na Sigtuna, Sweden, na Ọktọba) Santer mere ka ndị ọzọ kwenye na isiakwụkwọ ahụ kwesịrị ikwurịta ihe nleba anya na ihe nlereanya ejighị n'aka, n'agbanyeghị na ekpuchikwara ndị a n'isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.  E zipụrụ akwụkwọ "zeroth" maka nyocha ndị ọgbọ nye ndị ọkachamara isiokwu sayensị, ndị edemede niile na ndị ndu ndị edemede nke isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.  Etinyere nzaghachi ha na nnọkọ nhazi nke abụọ na Machị 1995 na Brighton.  N'ọnwa Mee akwụkwọ akụkọ m niile na-arụ ọrụ yana nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu ka edobere maka "nyocha obodo" site n'aka gọọmentị ndị na-ekere òkè, inye nkọwa maka ntinye na nnọkọ nke atọ na Asheville, North Carolina, na Julaị. N'ihi oge a na-egbu oge, Santer enwetaghị nkwupụta gọọmentị maka nzukọ a, ụfọdụ abịaghị ruo nzuko zuru ezu na Nọvemba..[1]

Akụkọ edemede nke isi nke 8 nke e jikọtara na 5 Ọktoba nwere nchịkọta nke ihe akaebe, ma mgbe ọ nwesịrị iru eru dị iche iche, o kwuru "N'ozuzu, nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi mmetụta mmadụ na ihu igwe". Gọọmentị na nzukọ zuru ezu nke November na Madrid chọrọ mgbanwe n'otú e si dee nke a na Summary for Policymakers, mgbe mkparịta ụka gbasaa, Bolin tụrụ aro adjective "discernible" ma kwenyere na nke a. Nchịkọta a kwadoro maka ndị na-eme iwu gụnyere ngalaba nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nkwekọrịta nke ihe akaebe na-egosi mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ", na-ewepụta ọganihu na nchọpụta na nyocha, na-adọ aka ná ntị na "ikike anyị ịkọwa mmetụta mmadụ na ihu igwe ụwa dị ugbu a n'ihi na mgbaàmà a na-atụ anya na-apụta site na mkpọtụ nke mgbanwe okike, na n'ihi n'ihi ne enwere ihe ndị a na-ejighị n'aka na isi". IPCC mechara chọọ ka Santer mee ka isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ kwekọọ na okwu a.[2] Nchịkọta dị na mbido nke a nabatara nke isi ahụ kwuru na "nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na ihe a hụrụ na okpomọkụ ụwa n'ime afọ 100 gara aga agaghị abụ ihe okike kpamkpam. Nke ka mkpa, e nwere ihe akaebe nke usoro na-apụta nke mmeghachi omume ihu igwe na nrụgide site na gas na-ekpo ọkụ na aerosols sulphate na ndekọ ihu igwe a hụrụ. N'ozuzu, nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi mmetụta mmadụ na ihu igwe ụwa. Paragraf ikpeazụ n'isi ahụ kwuru "Ihe akaebe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na Isi nke 8, mgbe a na-enyocha ya na nghọta anụ ahụ anyị banyere usoro ihu igwe, ugbu a na-ezo aka na mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa". Okwu mbido nke SAR nke onye isi oche IPCC Bolin na ndị isi oche ya bụ John T. Houghton na L. Gylvan Meira Filho dere gosipụtara "na nchọpụta ahụ na-atụ aro 'mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa', otu n'ime nchọpụta dị mkpa nke akụkọ a, na-agbakwunye akụkụ ọhụrụ dị mkpa maka mkparịta ụka banyere nsogbu ihu igwe".[3]

Tupu mbipụta nke Akụkọ Nyocha nke Abụọ, otu ụlọ ọrụ Global Climate Coalition kesara akụkọ akpọrọ "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" nye ndị nta akụkọ, US Congressmen, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nke kwuru na Santer agbanweela ederede ahụ, mgbe Òtù Ọrụ nabatara ya, na-enweghị nkwado nke ndị dere ya, iji mee ihe na-egosi ejighị n'aka sayensị ahụ.[1] Izu atọ ka e mesịrị, na otu izu mgbe a tọhapụrụ <i id="mwXA">Akụkọ</i> Nnyocha nke Abụọ, e kwughachiri Global Climate Coalition n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na The Wall Street Journal site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke US National Academy of Sciences, Frederick Seitz, onye isi oche George C. Marshall Institute na Science and Environmental Policy Project, mana ọ bụghị onye na-amụ banyere ihu igwe. N'akwụkwọ ozi a, Seitz kwuru na Santer mere "nrụrụ aka na-enye nsogbu nke usoro nyocha ndị ọgbọ". Seitz katọrọ nkwubi okwu nke Isi nke 8, ma dee na "e mere mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị zutere ma nabata ihe ha chere na ọ bụ nsụgharị ikpeazụ ndị ọgbọ nyochara", na-ewepu "ihe mgbagwoju anya nke obi abụọ" ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta Sayensị ndị ọzọ a na-akpọghị aha.[4]

Ọnọdụ nke onye edemede nke Isi nke 8, Benjamin D. Santer, kwadoro site na ndị edemede IPCC ibe ya na ndị isi nke American Meteorological Society (AMS) na University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).[2] Ndị isi oche nke AMS na UCAR kwuru na e nwere "mgbalị siri ike nke ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ iji mebie ma mebie usoro sayensị nke mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na nghọta ihu igwe kwubie na enwere ezigbo ohere na ụmụ mmadụ na-agbanwe ihu igwe ụwa n'ụwa niile".[2]

Ihe ndị ọzọ Seitz kwuru gụnyere akwụkwọ Paul Edwards na onye edemede IPCC Stephen Schneider dere na 1997, na mkpesa 2007 nye onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi UK Ofcom banyere mmemme telivishọn, "The Great Global Warming Swindle".[5] Mkpesa 2007 gụnyere nzaghachi nke nkwupụta Seitz site n'aka onye bụbu onyeisi oche IPCC, Bert Bolin.

Arụmụka banyere uru nke ndụ ọnụ ọgụgụ

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Otu n'ime esemokwu nke akụkọ nke abụọ nke ndị otu ọrụ nke atọ bụ ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke ndụ mmadụ, nke a na-eji eme ihe na ego (ya bụ, gbanwere na ọnụ ahịa dollar US) atụmatụ nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe.[6] Ọtụtụ mgbe na atụmatụ ego ndị a, a na-eji ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe akpọrọ ihe ka ha wee "na-agbanwe" na ọnụahịa nke ihe ize ndụ ndụ ahụike ndị ọzọ.[7] E nwere echiche dịgasị iche iche banyere atụmatụ ego nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe.[8] A na-atụle ike na adịghị ike nke atụmatụ ego na nyocha SAR na mgbe e mesịrị IPCC.[9]

Na nkwadebe nke SAR, enweghị nkwekọrịta bilitere na Working Group III Summary for Policymakers (SPM).[10] Ọ bụ otu ndị edemede IPCC dere SPM, bụ ndị na-eso ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị si n'òtù UNFCCC niile (ya bụ, ndị nnọchianya si n'ọtụtụ gọọmentị ụwa) kwurịta atụmatụ ahụ.[11] Ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke ndụ mmadụ (nke ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na-akpọ "uru nke ndụ ọnụ ọgụgụ") ka ụfọdụ gọọmentị (dị ka India) lere anya dị ka ihe na-atụ aro na ndị bi na mba ndị dara ogbenye bara uru karịa ndị bi na ala ndị bara ọgaranya.[10] David Pearce, onye bụ onye isi edemede nke isi nke SAR, ekwenyeghị na SPM. Dị ka Pearce si kwuo:[12]

Isiokwu dị mkpa [nke Akụkọ ahụ] nke ndụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dabere na ọmụmụ ihe n'ezie na mba dị iche iche. Ihe ndị dere Isi nke isii na-anabataghị, ma ka na-anabata, bụ oku sitere n'aka ndị nnọchiteanya [gọọmentị] ole na ole maka ọnụahịa zuru oke dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu maka njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ.

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị ole na ole chọrọ ka "ndụ ọnụ ọgụgụ" na mba ndị dara ogbenye bụrụ ihe a na-eji akpọrọ ihe n'otu ọkwa ahụ dị ka "ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ" n'obodo ndị bara ọgaranya. Onye edemede IPCC bụ Michael Grubb mechara kwuo, sị:[13][10]

Ọtụtụ n'ime anyị na-eche na gọọmentị ziri ezi. Metric [nke Pearce ji] mee ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iji chọpụta otú gọọmentị a nyere nwere ike isi mee mgbanwe n'etiti ọrụ ya n'ime. Mana otu echiche ahụ na-ada mgbe nsogbu ahụ bụ otu n'ime mmebi nke mba ụfọdụ kpatara na ndị ọzọ: gịnị mere ọnwụ nke nnukwu ndị na-emepụta ihe kpatara - ọkachasị mba ndị mepere emepe - ji kpọrọ ihe n'ụzọ dị iche dabere na akụ na ụba nke mba ndị ahụ.

Hụkwa

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  • Echiche sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Oreskes (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Bloomsbury Publishing, 200–208. ISBN 978-1-59691-610-4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rasmussen, C. (ed) (25 July 1996). Special insert—An open letter to Ben Santer. UCAR Quarterly. Archived from the original on 26 June 2006. Retrieved on 24 June 2009.
  3. ↑ IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995, WG1. ch 8, summary, pp. 412, 439, xi
  4. ↑ Helvarg. "The greenhouse spin", The Nation, December 16, 1996, pp. 21–24. Retrieved on February 10, 2016.
  5. ↑ Edwards, P. (1997). The 1995 IPCC Report: Broad Consensus or "Scientific Cleansing"?. Ecofable/Ecoscience, 1:1 (1997), pp. 3–9. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved on 24 June 2009.
  6. ↑ This has been documented in a number of sources:
  7. ↑ Ackerman, F. (18 May 2004). Priceless Benefits, Costly Mistakes: What's Wrong With Cost-Benefit Analysis?. Post-autistic economics review 2–7. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved on 2 January 2014.
  8. ↑ For example:
  9. ↑ For example:
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Grubb, M. (September 2005). Stick to the _target. Prospect Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
  11. ↑ Committee on the Science of Climate Change, US National Research Council (2001). "Ch. 7: Assessing Progress in Climate Science", Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. Washington, D.C., USA: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-07574-2. 
  12. ↑ Pearce (1 January 1996). Correction on Global Warming Cost Benefit Conflict. Environmental Damage Valuation and Cost Benefit News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved on 20 May 2009.
  13. ↑ Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. Michael Grubb: Other positions and activities. University of Cambridge Faculty of Economics website. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved on 12 December 2012.

Ebe e si nweta ya

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Akụkọ nyocha nke abụọ nwere akụkọ ndị a sitere na nke ọ bụla n'ime ìgwè ọrụ atọ ahụ, na akụkọ nchịkọta. Akụkọ WG2 nwere ederede n'ịntanetị; ha niile dị na PDF format na ibe weebụ IPCC.

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  • {{citation}}: Empty citation (help) (pb: Templeeti:ISBNT) pdf.
  • {{citation}}: Empty citation (help) (pb: Templeeti:ISBNT) pdf Templeeti:Webarchive.

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akụkọ_nnyocha_nke_Abụọ_nke_IPCCnyocha&oldid=194623
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