Asụsụ ndị Pomoan

Asụsụ '/'pOʊmOʊ/', ma ọ bụ Pomo /ˈpoʊmoʊ/, bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ asaa sitere n'ebe ugwu California nke Ndị Pomo na-asụ, ndị nna nna ha bi na ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Russia na ọdọ mmiri Clear. Asụsụ anọ adịghịzi, asụsụ niile dị ndụ ma e wezụga Kashaya nwere ihe na-erughị mmadụ iri na-asụ ya.

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

John Wesley Powell, onye bụ onye mbụ kọwara oke ezinụlọ, kwuru na ókè ya bụ Oke Osimiri Pasifik dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, ókèala Wintuan dị na Ndagwurugwu Sacramento n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, onye isi Osimiri Russia n'ebe ugwu, na Bodega. Isi na Santa Rosa nke dị ugbu a na ndịda (Powell 1891: 87-88). Naanị North Eastern Pomo esoghị na asụsụ Pomoan ndị ọzọ, ebe mpaghara ndị na-asụ Wintuan kewapụrụ ya.

Mmekọrịta dị n'ime asụsụ

Asụsụ asaa nke Pomoan na-egosi nkesa ha tupu ha enwee mmekọrịta na California. N'ime ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a ugbu a, ọtụtụ bi n'otu ebe ahụ.

Pomoan bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ asaa. John Wesley Powell bụ onye mbụ ghọtara mmekọrịta ha na ibe ha, onye tụrụ aro ka a kpọọ ha "Ezin Kulanapan" (Powell 1891). Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ aha Powell, ọkachasị maka asụsụ California, a leghaara "Kulanapan" anya. N'ọnọdụ ya, Pomo, okwu ndị India na ndị ọcha na-eji maka Northern Pomo, gbatịkwuru iji tinye ndị ọzọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ.

Samuel Barrett (1908) bu ụzọ mara asụsụ asaa ahụ dị ka Pomo. Iji zere mgbagwoju anya, Barrett kpọrọ asụsụ ọ bụla nke Pomoan dịka ọnọdụ ala ya si dị ("Northern Pomo," "Southeastern Pomo, wdg) Nkwekọrịta aha a nwetara nkwenye zuru oke ngwa ngwa ma ka na-eji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu ya, ma e wezụga iji dochie "Kashaya" maka "Southwestern Pomo" nke Barrett. Aha asụsụ ala nke Barrett na-edugakarị ndị na-amaghị asụsụ Pomoan na echiche na-ezighi ezi na ha bụ olumba nke otu asụsụ "Pomo".

A tụwo aro ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na usoro n'ozuzu ya anọgidewo na-agbanwe agbanwe. Echiche nkwekọrịta dị ugbu a (cf. Mithun 1999) na-akwado osisi ahụ e gosipụtara na Oswalt (1964), nke egosiri n'okpuru ebe a.  

Echiche nkwekọrịta dị ugbu a banyere mmekọrịta dị n'ime ezinụlọ Pomoan, dabere na Oswalt (1964).

N'ụzọ bụ isi, ụdị nke nhazi ọkwa a yiri ka ewepụtara na Oswalt na McLendon's "Okwu mmalite" na isi Pomo na Heizer, ed. (1978) na Campbell (1997). Onye mgbagha kacha mkpa bụ Abraham M. Halpern, otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ole na ole kemgbe oge Barrett na-anakọta data ntụnyere na asụsụ Pomoan niile.

Nhazi Halpern dị iche na nke Oswalt nke kachasị na ntinye nke North Eastern Pomo. Kama iwere ya ka ọ bụrụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya, Halpern chịkọtara ya na asụsụ nke alaka "Western" nke Oswalt. Ọ tụrụ aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume na North Eastern Pomo na-anọchite anya mbugharị na nso nso a nke otu n'okpuru Northern Pomo (Halpern 1964; Golla 2011: 106-7).

Asụsụ Mbụ

 

Nrụzigharị Proto-Pomo site na McLendon (1973):

Proto-Pomo reconstructions by McLendon (1973)

gloss Proto-Pomo acorn *biʔdú afraid, to be *kʰiˑyá, *kʰiyáˑ angelica *baʔk̓ówa arm *ʔiˑxál(ʸ) armpit *daˑyamá- arrow *hic̓úˑ arrow *baṭʰíy ashes *hiˑnó(x̣ò) back *bak̓oˑ backbone *hiʔk̓i, *k̓idí bark (of tree) *qʰahwálʸ basket, sp. *c̓óˑy basket, sp. *kʰiṭúˑ basket, pack (open-woven) *buhqʰál basket, pack (close-woven) *buhkí ? basket, pounding *miké bear *buˑṭáqa(lʸ) bear, brown *limá(ˑ) ? bee *koʔó(lʸ), *kaʔolʸó behind, rear *siˑlí, *silíˑ belly *ʔuhqʰá(ˑ) below *ʔiyów big, sg. *bahṭʰé, *bahṭʰén big, pl. *ʔahṭʰíy, *ʔahṭíynʸ bird *c̓iyíta ~ *c̓ihtá bite, to *qaˑné- blackfish *xaqʰál blanket *ʔihxí(ˑ) blood *baˑláy body *xiʔbá bone *ʔihyá(ˑ) bow *xihmúy, *xi(ʔ)mi brains, head, protuberance *hoʔt̓ó bread, acorn *qʰaṭó(ˑ) break wind *ʔihpʰéṭ- breast, milk *xiʔdónʸ brother, mother's *cúˑ-c̓i ~ *céˑ-c̓i brother, older *méqi brother, father's younger *kéqi brother-in-law (i.e., wife's brother ?) *mahá-, *háˑ buckeye *bahxá buckeye nuts when soaked *dihsá bumblebee *kʰeˑhéy burn *maˑlí- ~ *mahlá- bush, sp. *qȧ(h)nóˑ buzzard *kuhkʰí carry in hands, to *bi-ʔdíˑ-d(i)- causative *-hqa chaparral *seʔé chest *yeʔélʸ child *qaˑwí clam *x̣alá/ú claw *héˑc̓ cloud *qʰaʔbá(ˑ), *qʰaʔbú clover *ʔohsó cold *qahcíl, *qacˑi come, to *(h)wáˑdu- cook, bake under ashes, to *ʔihpʰá- cottontail (rabbit) *nóˑmik cottonwood *qaxálabʔ ~ *qáxalabʔ coyote *doˑwí creek *biʔdá dance/song *qʰé daughter-in-law *-ʔódʔ daughter-in-law *xowmi(ˑ-c̓i) dawn, morning *qʰaʔˑá day *makílʸ, *maˑkí deer/meat *bihxé die, to *q̓alálʸ ~ *q̓alá- directional *-lal dirty *c̓áʔc̓a doe *maṭʰéy door *hohwá dove *maˑyú, *maˑyúˑ dream, to *qʰaʔadˑú- drink, to *hoʔq̓ó(k) duck *q̓aˑyán (~ *q̓ayáˑn ?) durative *-kid- ear *xiˑmánʸ earth *ʔa(h)máṭ east *ʔaxóˑ eat, chew, to *qawá- eat, to *kuhˑú- egg *hik̓óˑ, *hik̓ó elbow *q̓o/uhsá embers, charcoal *mahsíkʔ/tʔ enemy *kuhmá excrement *ʔahpʰá eye, face *huʔúy fat *ʔihpʰúy father *meʔˑé father, father's *bá-ˑc̓i father, mother's *-ká-ˑc̓i fawn *nuhwákʔ feather, small/down *ʔahṭʰé ~ *ʔahṭʰén ? feather, large *hiʔˑí fire *ʔohx̣ó first person singular subject *haʔáˑ first person singular object *ʔawí-toˑ first person singular possessive prefix *ʔawí- first personal plural subject *awá-ya first personal plural object *ʔawá-ya-l fish *ʔahxá five *ṭuhxo flea *ʔiˑméla flesh *c̓iʔˑí flint *qʰahká fly, to (1) *hakˑá- ( ?) fly, to (2) *pʰudí- fly, n. *c̓amolʸ food *maʔá foot *qʰaˑmánʸ forehead *diˑlé forest, deep, dense (hence shaded) *xiˑyó fox (1) *haq̓áw fox (2) *duˑcá frog *waˑṭakʔ/qʔ give round object *dihqá- go, several to *pʰilá good *q̓oʔdí goose *lála, *hláˑla gopher ? *ʔaˑláme grain, grain plant *muhká grass *qac̓ˑá grasshopper *xahqót hair, of head *heʔˑé, *heʔey( ?) hair, of body, fur *cihmé ~ *ciˑme hand *ʔatʰáˑna ~ *ʔatʰaná hawk *k̓iyáˑ head *kináˑlʸ, *xináˑ/lʸ, *kʰináˑ ? hear, to *xóˑki- hemp *mahxá hole *hiˑmó horn *haʔˑá hot, to be *muht̓ám- house *ʔahká hunt, to *boˑʔó imperative singular *-im jackrabbit *ʔaˑmáˑqala jay *c̓ayi ~ *c̓aˑyi jealous *ʔayél kinsman, one's own, in generations above ego *-ˑc̓i laugh, to *kʰuwáy leach, to *kʰeʔé- leaf (1) *siʔṭ̓ál leaf (2) *xihpʰa mountain *dȧˑnó mouth *ʔahx̣á mud *báˑto mudhen (?) *qʰá-c̓iyàt ~ *qʰa-c̓it mush, acorn *ṭʰoʔó(ˑ) mushroom (1) *hic̓éˑ mushroom (2) *k̓aˑlál mussel (ocean clam ?) *lȧʔq̓ó name *ʔahxí navel *ʔohqó-hmo neck *q̓óyu negative (1) *-tʰin ? negative (2) *kʰów ~ *akʰˑów dip net *waˑyákʔ/qʔ new *xiˑwéy night *duwˑé north *kuhˑúla ( ?) nose *hiˑlá oak, black *yuhxíy, *lixúy oak, live (?) *maʔk̓i(bʔ) oak, mush *c̓ipʰa, *c̓apʰˑa oak, sp. *wiyú oak, white *qaʔban/l- object case *-al ~ *-to occiput *kʰaˑyá on, on top of, above *wína ~ *wináˑ one *k̓á-, *káˑ- onion, wild *qʰaʔbat/y optative *-ix pain *duṭʰál panther *yahmóṭʔ path *hiʔdá people, group of people, village, race *nȧhpʰó pepperwood tree *bahˑébʔ pepperwoodnut *bahˑé phlegm *q̓uʔlés pick up a non-long object, to *dihkí pinole *yuhhú(ˑ), *yuhx̣ú(ˑ) ?, *yuhhúy, *yuhx̣úyʔ pitch *qʰahwé, *qʰahwé plural act (1) *-lV- plural act (2) (with extent?) *-ma plural number *-aya poison, poisoning song *q̓oˑʔó ~ *q̓oʔóˑ poison oak *hmaˑṭi̇́yu ~ *maˑṭi̇́yuho ? potato, Indian *hiʔbúnʸ pregnant *wiˑní quail *xaqáˑqa quail topknot *qʰéya ~ *ʔehqʰéya raccoon *qʰaʔdús ~ *qʰahlús ? rain *kehkʰé(ˑ) ~ *ihkʰé raw/alive *qa(h)xó- reciprocal *~(h)ma(ˑ)k̓ ~ *-ma(ˑ)k̓- reciprocal relationship *-a(ˑ)q rectum *haṭ̓á, *(ṭ̓i ?) reed, sp. *c̓iwíx reflexive *-i(ˑ)k̓i rib *misˑá(ˑ)kʔ ridge/mountain *wixálʸ rock *qʰaʔbé salt (1) *ṭaʔq̓o salt (2) *kʰeʔéˑ sand/gravel *miˑṭákʔ saw apart, to *xuqʰáˑ- seaweed, edible *ʔoˑṭóno second person singular subject *ʔaˑmá second person singular object *míˑ-to ~ *mí-to ~ *mi-tó second person singular possessive prefix *mi- second person plural subject *ʔaˑmá-ya second person plural object *ʔaˑmá-ya-l see *kád-, *káˑd- seed * ?isóˑ, *ʔisóy semelfactive *-ki- sentence connective (1) *-pʰila sentence connective (2) *-pʰi sentence connective (3) *-in separate from someone, to *q̓á(ˑ), *q̓a-(m-)(h)mak̓ shoulder *c̓uwáˑ sibling, younger *ṭ̓áqi sinew *hiˑmá sister, father's *múc̓i ~ *múˑc̓i ~ *wéˑqi sister, mother's older *ṭʰúˑc̓ sister, mother's younger *xéˑqi sister, older *déˑqi sister's husband *kóˑdʔ, *qóˑdʔ ? sit, to *ká- sit down, to *kahkí- six *lanká, *káci skin *ćʔdá skunk *nupʰéṭ sky *qalí, *qalínʸ sleep, to *siˑmán slow *pʰaláˑ slug *paʔláˑ smoke *ʔohx̣ósa(xà), *saxá snot *hiˑlásu snow *ʔihyúlʸ soaproot *haʔˑá(ˑ)bʔ son-in-law *hkéye sour *móc̓ ~ *móˑc̓ south *ʔiyó speculative *-xe- spider *ʔikʰáˑ, *mikʰá, *ikʰá spit *ʔihqʰetʔ spleen *maṭ́éˑ spring (of water) *(qʰa) qahpʰá squirrel *kuˑmáṭʔ, *qumáṭ stink, to *mihxé stop doing, to *-hyéˑ- stories, myths, to tell *maṭúˑ string *suˑlímaṭʔ suckerfish *xamólʸ sun *haʔdá sweat *mikʰˑéq tail *hibá talk, to *kȧhnów tears *huʔuy-qʰà(ˑ) testicles *yȧqolʸ thing *á(ˑ)maˑ third person masculine singular subject *hamíyabʔ third person masculine singular object *hamíˑb-al third person feminine singular subject *hamíyadʔ third person feminine singular object *hamíˑd-al third person singular possessive prefix *hamíyaˑ- throat *mihyánʸ tick *aṭ̓aʔláˑ tongue *haʔbálʸ ~ *hawba(ˑ) ~ *hibʔa tooth *hȧʔˑo tree *qʰaˑlé tule, round *bakóˑ tule sprout *ṭʰiʔbéˑ two *ʔaqʰóc umbilicus *ʔohqó uphill *dȧnóˑ valley, clearing *qahqó walk, to *hwáˑd-, *wáˑd- water *ʔahqʰá west (1) *mihila, *mix̣ila west (2) *bóˑ what *(baˑ)q́o(ˑ) whistle *li(?)búˑ white *qahlé wildcat *dȧˑlóm(ʔ) wind *ʔihyá winter *qʰu(ʔ)c̓áˑ- wolf *cihméwa ~ *ciméwa woman *ʔimáˑta wood *ʔahx̣áy wood duck *waṭá- wood rat *mihyóqʔ worm (1) *biˑlá worm (2) *ʔikʰólʸ

Hụkwa

• Boontling - asụsụ Bekee e wuru ewu na-etinye okwu Pomo

• Central, Northern na Southern Pomo Language Apps dị na Ụlọ Ahịa App. Southern Pomo nwere ngwa 2 ugbu a. Otu a na-akpọ Learn Southern Pomo - mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na otu a na- bingaka Southern Pomo Language - Intro.

Edensibia

• Barrett, Samuel A. (1908). The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 6. [1]Templeeti:Dead link
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. Templeeti:ISBN.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-16-048774-9.
• Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
• McLendon, Sally & Robert L. Oswalt (1978). "Pomo: Introduction". In California, ed. Robert F. Heizer. Vol. 8 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 274–88. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 978-0-16-004574-5.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); Templeeti:ISBN.
• Powell, John Wesley. (1891). Indian Linguistic Families Of America, North Of Mexico. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 7:1-142. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. [2]
• Chestnut (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 24 August 2012. 

Njikọ mpụga

• Pomo (Yakaya, Yokaia, Shanel, Kábinapek) (Asụsụ Abụọ nke Amerịka) (Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka)
• Kashaya (Kashia, Southwestern Pomo) (Asụsụ Abụọ nke Amerịka) (Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka)
• Bibliography nke Pomo/Kashaya
• Ndị Pomo: Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi
• "New wellness center hosts first Pomo language workshop", Lake County News Reports, 2012-04-15. Retrieved on 2012-08-08.