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Asusu igbo

 Page Templeeti:Contains special characters/styles.css has no content.Bambara (Arabic script), nke a makwaara dị ka Bamana (N'Ko script) ma ọ bụ Bamanankan (X), bụ asụsụ na asụsụ mba nke Mali nke nwere ike ịbụ nde mmadụ iri na ise na-asụ, nke nde mmadụ ise na Bambara na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri iri na-asụrụ asụsụ nke abụọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka pasent 80 nke ndị Mali na-asụ Bambara dị ka asụsụ mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọ nwere usoro ahịrịokwu isiokwu na ụda okwu abụọ. Aha obodo bamanankan pụtara "asụsụ (kan) nke ndị ọgọ mmụọ (bámànán), ndị jụrụ Islam", [nnyocha na-emezughị] ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-asụ Dyula, ndị bụ ndị Alakụba.[1][2]

Nchịkọta

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Bamana bụ otu ndị otu dị iche iche nke a na-akpọ ndị a na-ejikọ ọnụ, nke ndị na-ekwu okwu ndị obodo ha na-achọpụta akụkọ ọdịnala na Mal Mal I Malyi. A na-atụle manditing na-atụle na-atụle (n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu ala) na-adabere na mkpughe ma ọ bụ nke na-ekwu okwu n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu - na 40 ruo 40 na mba .[3] Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast na Gambia.[4] Manding bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ezinụlọ Mandé nke asụsụ.

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

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A na-asụ Bambara na Mali niile dị ka asụsụ bu isi..A na-asụkarị asụsụ ahụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ndịda, na n'ebe ugwu nke Bamako, ebe ndị na-asụrụ ya na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-akọwa dị ka ndị otu agbụrụ Bambara kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.

Mpaghara mpaghara ndị a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme Bambara nke Bambo Somara nke Bambou, ọkachasị Ségou, mgbe ọ gbadaa site na ndị otu na-eme njem. [5]

Asụsụ

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Asụsụ bụ isi bụ Standard Bamara, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na Maninkakan. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Bambara nwere ọtụtụ asụsụ obodo: Kaarta, Tambacounda (n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ); Beledugu, Bananba, Mesekele (n' ugwu); Jitumu, Jamaladugu, Segu (n'etiti); Cakadugu, Keleyadugu, Jalakadougu, Kurulamini, Banim, Bankarkar, Shɛndugu, Ganadugu (n'Ebe ndịda); Kala, Kurk, Kurkthoroast).[5]

Ide ihe

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Peeji sitere na Grammaire et méthode Bambara nke Francis Delaforge (1949)

Kemgbe afọ 1967, a na-edekarị Bambara na edemede Latin, na-eji ụfọdụ mkpụrụedemede phonetic ndị ọzọ. Mkpụrụedemede bụ a, e, ɛ (nke bụbu è), i, o, ɔ (nke bụzi ò), u; enwere ike iji ụda olu mee ihe iji gosipụta ụda olu. A na-ede digraph ny mbụ ugbu a ɲ mgbe ọ na-akọwapụta palatal nasal glide; a na-edebe mkpụrụ okwu ny maka njikọta nke ụdaume imi na ọnụ palatal glide na-esote. N'ịgbaso mgbakọ mkpụrụedemede Bamako nke afọ 1966, a na-ede "ŋ" dị ka "ŋ", ọ bụ ezie na n'akwụkwọ ndị mbụ a na-edekarị ya dị ka ng ma ọ bụ nk.

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ N'Ko bụ edemede nke Solomana Kante chepụtara na 1949 dị ka usoro ederede maka asụsụ Manding nke West Africa; M na-ekwu 'M na-ekwu' n'asụsụ Manding niile. Kante mepụtara Nīko na nzaghachi maka ihe o chere na ọ bụ nkwenye na ndị Afrịka bụ "ndị na-enweghị ọdịbendị" ebe ọ bụ na tupu oge a, enweghị usoro edemede ụmụ amaala Afrịka maka asụsụ ya. N'ko bu ụzọ nweta ndị ọrụ siri ike gburugburu ebe a na-asụ asụsụ Maninka nke obodo Kante nke Kankan, Guinea ma gbasaa site n'ebe ahụ gaa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-asụrụ asụsụ Manding nke West Africa. N'ko na edemede Arabic ka na-eji maka Bambara, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị orthography Latin ka a na-amata na Mali.

Tụkwasị na nke a, Woyo Couloubayi (c.1910-1982) nke Assatiémala mepụtara edemede a maara dị ka Masaba ma ọ bụ Ma-sa-ba maka asụsụ ahụ malite na 1930.[6] A na-akpọ ya maka ihe odide mbụ na usoro nchịkọta nke Couloubayi họọrọ, Masaba bụ syllabary nke na-eji diacritics egosi àgwà ụdaume dị ka ụdaume, ogologo, na nasalization. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị njikọ doro anya na usoro edemede ndị ọzọ, Masaba yiri ka ọ na-adabere na ihe oyiyi ọdịnala Bambara ma na-ekerịta ụfọdụ myirịta na Vai syllabary nke Liberia na mkpụrụedemede nzuzo nke Arabic nke a na-eji na Hodh (nke bụzi Hodh El Gharbi na Hodh Ech Chargui Regions nke Mauritania). Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1978, a na-ejikarị Masaba eme ihe n'ọtụtụ obodo dị na Nioro Cercle maka ndekọ ego, akwụkwọ ozi onwe onye, na ndekọ nke ekpere ndị Alakụba; a maghị ọnọdụ na mgbasa nke edemede ahụ ugbu a.[7][8]

Asụsụ Latịn

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Ọ na-eji ụdaume asaa a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ na u, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ike ịpụta n'imi, pharyngealized ma na-atụ ụja, na-enye ngụkọta nke ụdaume 21 (mkpụrụedemede na-eru nso ha IPA). [citation needed] Ide ederede Latin malitere n'oge French colonization, a na-ewebata orthography mbụ na 1967. Ịgụ na ide dị oke, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ edemede na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe (n'ihi oke French dị ka "asụsụ nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ"), enwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ, nke na-abụkarị akụkọ banyere ndị eze na ndị dike. Akwụkwọ a a na-ekwu okwu ọnụ bụ ndị griots (Jeliw na Bambara) bụ ndị ngwakọta nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ, ndị na-agụ egwu otuto, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ bụ ndị mụrụ ọrụ nke ịbụ abụ na ịgụghachi ọtụtụ afọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime abụ ha dị nnọọ ochie ma a na-ekwu na ọ malitere na alaeze ochie nke Mali.

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ

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  • A na-akpọ ya
  • B B B B
  • C a na-akpọ [t͡ʃ]
  • N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú a
  • N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ
  • Ọ bụ n'afọ iri na ụma
  • N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ ya
  • Shia na-akpọ
  • Sụ a na-akpọ
  • N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ya
  • __ibo__ N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ya
  • Sọnk
  • Sụ A na-akpọ
  • N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Chun"
  • N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụ
  • Йыara n'Anya
  • N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'anya
  • O si otú ahụ
  • Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akọwa ya
  • N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú a
  • R R R R
  • Ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ya
  • Ya na ya na ya
  • Z Z Z Z

Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ọzọ

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  • Kh (nke a na-eji maka okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ si n'Afrịka nweta)
  • -n Akara ụdaume
  • Shia (ụdị mpaghara nke s)[9]

N'ko orthography

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Mkpụrụedemede

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  • A na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • Sị na-esote
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • Shia o [o]
  • A na-akpọ ya

Mkpụrụ okwu

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  • Skọ na-ekwu maka ya
  • Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • Akụkụ nke a [t͡ʃ]
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • Shia
  • A na-akpọ ya [g/ʀ/ɣ]
  • Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ [ɡ͡b]
  • Nke a bụ [f]
  • Akụkụ nke a
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • Nkọwa nke a
  • Akụkụ nke a na-akpọ "Anya"
  •  Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ iri na ụma ka a na-akpọ
  • Nkọwa na-egosi na
  • A na-akpọ ya
  • N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụ ya
  • Shia Shia SHA
  • Akara ụdaume

Ụda ụda

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  • Akụkụ dị mkpirikpi
  • Akụkụ dị mkpirikpi
  • Ogologo oge dị elu
  • Ogologo ala[10][11]

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

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Mkpụrụ okwu

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Ọnụ Alveolar Palatal Velar Ọkụ
Ụgbọ imi m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t d t͡ʃ 'c' d͡ʒ ‹j› k ɡ
Ihe na-esiri ike f s z (ʃ) (ɣ) ‹kh› h
Ihe atụ w l j 'y'
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ r

Mkpụrụ okwu ọ bụla na-anọchite anya otu ụda ma e wezụga ụfọdụ:

  • A na-akpọ "W" dị ka n'asụsụ Bekee (dịka ichere) ma e wezụga na njedebe nke okwu, mgbe ọ bụ akara dị n'ọtụtụ ma na-akpọ ya dị ka [u].
  • A na-akpọkarị "S" dịka okwu Bekee "lee" mana a na-akpọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "sh" [ʃ] dịka okwu "akpụkpọ ụkwụ" ma ọ bụ dị ka [z].
  • A na-akpọkarị "G" dịka okwu Bekee "go" mana n'etiti okwu, enwere ike ịkpọ ya dịka okwu Spanish "abogado" ([ɣ]) na mgbe ụfọdụ na mmalite nke okwu dị ka [gw].[12]

Mkpụrụedemede

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N'ihu Central Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ i iː ĩ u uː ũ
N'etiti etiti e eː ẽ oː õ
Mepee n'etiti ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɔ ɔː ɔ̃
Emeghe a aː ã

Asụsụ

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Bambara bụ asụsụ aglutinative, nke pụtara na a na-agbakọta morphemes ọnụ iji mepụta okwu.

Ọdịdị ahịrịokwu bụ isi isiokwu-ihe-okwu (SOV). Were ahịrịokwu, n t'a lon (Amaghị m [ya]). n bụ isiokwu (M), a bụ ihe (ya), na [ta] lon bụ ngwaa ([ịmara). T' sitere na akara ngosi oge ugbu a na-adịghị mma té, bé bụ akara ngosi oge dị ugbu a (n b'a don ga-apụta "Amaara m ya"). Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ SOV, Bambara na-eji postpositions kama prepositions - ọrụ ha yiri prepositions Bekee mana etinye ya n'azụ aha.

Asụsụ ahụ nwere ụda abụọ (nke dị n'etiti / ọkọlọtọ na nke dị elu); dịka sa 'ọnwụ' vs. sá 'agwọ'. Ọdịdị arụmụka nke asụsụ ahụ nwere isiokwu, nke enyemaka aspectival sochiri, nke ihe na-esote, na n'ikpeazụ ngwaa na-agafe agafe.

Bambara anaghị agbanwe maka okike. Enwere ike ịkọwa okike maka aha site na ịgbakwunye adjective, - Turi ma ọ bụ -kɛ maka nwoke na -muso maka nwanyị. A na-emepụta ọnụọgụ site na itinye nsonaazụ ụdaolu -u, ọtụtụ mgbe na ụda dị ala (na orthography, -w) na aha ma ọ bụ adjectives.


Okwu mgbazinye

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N'ime obodo ukwu, a gbanwere ọtụtụ njikọ Bamanankan n'iji ya eme ihe kwa ụbọchị site na mgbazinye ego French nke na-emekarị akara mgbanwe koodu. Asụsụ Bamako na-eji ahịrịokwu dị ka: N tara Kita ma ọ dịghị onye nọ ebe ahụ. : Agara m Kita [Bamanankan ] mana ọ dịghị onye nọ ebe ahụ [French]. Okwu ahụ na Bamanankan naanị ga-abụ, ọ ga-abụ "Oru Kita nka mɔkɔ si tun tɛ yen". A na-ejikwa okwu French "est-ce que" mee ihe na Bamanankan ; Otú ọ dị, a na-akpọ ya nke nta nke nta ma dị ka nkeji atọ, [ɛsikə].

Bamanankan na-eji ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye French. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịsị: I ka kurusi ye jaun ye: "Kpu gị bụ odo" (iji okwu French maka odo, odo).)

Otú ọ dị, mmadụ nwekwara ike ịsị: I ka kulosi ye nɛrɛmukuman ye, nke pụtakwara "uwe gị bụ odo". Okwu Bamanankan mbụ maka odo sitere na "nɛrɛmuku," bụ ntụ ọka (muku) nke e ji néré (mịkụ ụgbụ mee), mkpụrụ sitere na ogologo mkpụrụ osisi. A na-ejikarị Nɛrɛmuku eme ofe na Southern Mali.

A na-ejikọta ọtụtụ okwu ndị a gbazinyere na French na ụda 'i'; nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe ị na-eji okwu French nke nwere ihe a na'ụzọ ọdịnala na-adịghị ahụ na Mali. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu Bamanankan maka snow bụ niegei, dabere na okwu French maka snow. Ebe ọ bụ na snow enwetụbeghị na Mali, ọ nweghị okwu pụrụ iche na Bamanankan iji kọwaa ya.

Ihe Nlereanya

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Egwú

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Ndị na-ese ihe na Mali dị ka Oumou Sangaré, Sidiki Diabaté, Fatoumata Diawara, Rokia Traoré, Ali Farka Touré, Habib Koité na di na nwunye Amadou & Mariam na-abụkarị abụ na Bambara. Okwu na Bambara na-apụta na Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants".

Tụkwasị na nke a, n'afọ 2010, otu egwu rock Spanish Dover wepụtara abọm studio nke asaa ya I Ka Kené na ọtụtụ okwu n'asụsụ ahụ. Onye America na-eti egwu Nas weputara egwu akpọrọ "Sabali" na 2010, nke gosipụtara Damian Marley. Sabali bụ okwu Bambara nke pụtara ndidi.

Ọnọdụ iwu

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8Bambara bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ nke Mali họpụtara dị ka asụsụ mba.[13]

Ihe odide

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Ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ

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  1. ↑ Donaldson (2019-03-01). "Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa". Signs and Society 7 (2). DOI:10.1086/702554. ISSN 2326-4489. 
  2. ↑ Vydrin (1999). Manding-English Dictionary : (Maninka, Bamana), 69. ISBN 9780993996931. OCLC 905517929. 
  3. ↑ Note on current use of Manding and Mande ethnonyms and linguonyms. Archived from the original on 2012-04-08. Retrieved on 2012-04-20.
  4. ↑ Mandé Language Family: Manding. www.sil.org. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved on 1 January 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mandé Language Family: Maps of Manding-East, North-Eastern Manding, Bamana, Urban koine. www.sil.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved on 1 January 2018.
  6. ↑ Brock-Utne (2009). Language and Power. The Implications of Language for Peace and Development: The Implications of Language for Peace and Development. Oxford: African Books Collective. ISBN 9789987081462. 
  7. ↑ Galtier (1987). "Un exemple d'écriture traditionnelle mandingue : le «masaba» des Bambara-Masasi du Mali". Journal des Africanistes 57 (1–2): 255–266. DOI:10.3406/jafr.1987.2174. Retrieved on 18 March 2020. 
  8. ↑ Kelly (2018). "Chapter 9: The Invention, Transmission, and Evolution of Writing: Insights from the New Scripts of West Africa", in Ferrara: STUDI MICENEI ED EGEO-ANATOLICI NUOVA SERIE SUPPLEMENTO 1 Paths into Script Formation in the Ancient Mediterranean. Rome: CNR – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 189-209. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/253vc. ISBN 978-88-7140-898-9. 
  9. ↑ Bambara alphabet, pronunciation, and language. Omniglot. Retrieved on 29 June 2021.
  10. ↑ Bambara alphabet, pronunciation, and language. Omniglot. Retrieved on 27 June 2021.
  11. ↑ Bambara Alphabet and Pronunciation (N'ko and Latin). An ka taa. Retrieved on 28 June 2021.
  12. ↑ Bailleul. Cours pratique de bambara, 3. 
  13. ↑ Skattum (2010). "L'introduction des langues nationales dans le système éducatif au Mali: objectifs et conséquences" (in fr). Journal of Language Contact 3 (1): 248. DOI:10.1163/19552629-90000013. Retrieved on February 17, 2017. 

Ebe e si nweta ya

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Njikọ mpụga

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Nkọwa

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Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

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Ihe mmụta

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Ndị ọzọ

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