Mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ
Mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ n'echiche gbasara agbasa bu ihe na-ezo aka na mgbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara ala n'usoro ụwa . A na-ejikarị ya agụnye mgbanwe dịgasị iche iche iji jikọta mmụba ngwa ngwa ihe mmadụ n' eme nke malitere na etiti narị afọ nke iri abuo, ya bụ,ihe nnukwu osooso . Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ahụ sitere na nyocha banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-eji ya mee ka echiche zuru oke nke mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ ahu. Mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ bukwazie mgbanwe nke usoro ụwa, nke a na-emesokwazie ya n'ozuzu ya na mmekọrịta ana akpo physicochemical na nke ndu yana mmetụta ọha mmadụ nwere na ihe ndị ahụ na nke ọzọ . [1] Ya mere, a na-amụ mgbanwe ndị ahụ site na sayensị usoro ụwa .
Akụkọ banyere nyocha mgbanwe ụwa
dezieMgbalị mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji dozie mmetụta gbara uba ebe obibi nke ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile malitere tupu ewebata echiche nke mgbanwe ụwa. Karịsịa, n' afo 1972 e mere Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ n' obodo Stockholm, nke dubanyere ya na ihe ana akpo United Nations Environment Programme. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị ahụ bụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ ma tụle mmetụta ndị dị n'ụwa niile, usoro usoro ụwa emebeghị n'oge a. Otú ọ dị, ihe omume ndị ahụ malitere usoro ihe omume nke dugara na mpụta nke ngalaba nyocha mgbanwe ụwa.
E chepụtara echiche nke mgbanwe ụwa ka ndị nchọpụta na-enyocha mgbanwe ihu igwe malitere na ọ bụghị naanị ihu igwe kamakwa ihe ndị ọzọ dị na usoro ụwa na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa, nke nwere ike inye aka n'ọrụ mmadụ ma soro usoro yiri ọtụtụ mgbanwe ọha.[1] Ọ malitere na ihe omume nke nzuko World Climate Research , ma ọ bụ WCRP, mmemme mba ụwa n'okpuru nduzi nke Peter Bolin, nke n'oge e guzobere ya n' afo 1980 lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwa ma ihu igwe ọ na-agbanwe, enwere ike ịkọ ya ma mee ka ụmụ mmadụ kpata mgbanwe ahụ. Nsonaazụ nke mbụ ọ bụghị naanị na ọ kwadoro mmetụta mmadụ kamakwa ọ dugara n'ịghọta ihe dị ukwuu nke mgbanwe ụwa. N'ikpeazụ Peter Bolin na James McCarthy, Paul Crutzen, Hans Oeschger na ndị ọzọ malitere nzuko mba niile nke Geosphere-Biosphere , ma ọ bụ IGBP, n'okpuru nkwado nke nkuzo mba niile na ahu maka sayensị .[2]
N'afọ 2001, na obodo Amsterdam, e nwere nzukọ nke lekwasịrị anya na mmemme nyocha mgbanwe ụwa anọ n'oge ahụ: WCRP, IGBP, ogbako mba uwa niile nke Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) na nke ana akpo Diversitas (nke na-aga n'ihu ugbu a dị ka Ụwa Ọdịnihu). A kpọrọ nzukọ ahụ ihe ịma aka nke ụwa na-agbanwe agbanwe: Nzukọ Sayensị mepere emepe mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ ma mechie ya na Nkwupụta Amsterdam na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke a chịkọtara nke ọma na paragraf mbụ ya:[3]
Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya
dezieN'oge gara aga, ndị isi na-akpata mgbanwe nke mbara ala bụ mgbanwe anyanwụ,efere nke tectonics, mgbawa ugwu, mmụba na mbelata nke ndụ, mmetụta nke meteorite, mbelata nke ihe onwunwe, mgbanwe na ntụgharị ụwa gburugburu anyanwụ, na mgbanwe na ntanye nke ụwa n'akụkụ ya. E nwere ihe akaebe siri ike na ugbu a, isi ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ụwa bụ ọchịchọ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ mmadụ maka ihe onwunwe; ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akọwaala ihe omume a dị ka oge ihe ana akpo anthropocene.[4][5][6][7][8] N'ime afọ nari abuo na iri ise gara aga, mgbanwe nke mmadụ kpatara emeela ka mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ngwa ma kpatara mgbanwe ihu igwe, mkpochapụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, ọdịda azụ, ọzara, acidization nke oké osimiri, mmebi nke ozone, mmetọ, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ buru ibu.[9]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 (2004) Global change and the earth system: a planet under pressure, Global Change — the IGBP Series (in en-gb). Berlin: Springer, 1–7. DOI:10.1007/b137870. ISBN 978-3-540-26594-8. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "book_2004" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ History - IGBP (en). www.igbp.net.
- ↑ Steffen (2003). Challenges of a Changing Earth: Proceedings of the Global Change Open Science Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 10-13 July 2001. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-62407-0.
- ↑ Borenstein. "With their mark on Earth, humans may name era, too", 14 October 2014. Retrieved on 14 October 2014.
- ↑ Waters, C.N. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science 351 (6269). DOI:10.1126/science.aad2622. PMID 26744408.
- ↑ Edwards. "What is the Anthropocene?", Eos, 30 November 2015.
- ↑ Castree (2015). "The Anthropocene: a primer for geographers". Geography 100 (2): 66–75. DOI:10.1080/00167487.2015.12093958. Retrieved on 2020-04-24.
- ↑ Ellis (2018). Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/actrade/9780198792987.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-879298-7.
- ↑ Dahms (March 2018). "Marine hydrothermal vents as templates for global change scenarios". Hydrobiologia 818: 1–10. DOI:10.1007/s10750-018-3598-8.