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Mmekọrịta ndina n'ike

 

Nkontakịrị ndị mmadụ maara bụ idina mmadụ n'ike nke onye maara onye e merụrụ ahụ na-eme. Ọmụmaatụ nke ndị maara na-agụnye onye ọ na-akpa, nwa klas ya, onye ọrụ ibe, onye were gị n'ọrụ, onye òtù ezinụlọ, di ma ọ bụ nwunye, onye ndụmọdụ, onye na-agwọ ọrịa, onye ọrụ okpukpe, ma ọ bụ dọkịta.[1][2][3] Mmata ndina n'ike gụnyere ngalaba nke ihe omume akpọrọ mmeko nwoke ụbọchị nke metụtara ndị na-enwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.[4][5][6][7] Mgbe nwa akwụkwọ kọleji mere n'ike n'ike n'ahụ nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ, a na-eji okwu mmeko ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ike mgbe ụfọdụ.

Ọtụtụ ndị idina mmadụ n'ike bụ onye ama ama. Agbanyeghị, idina ndị mmadụ maara adịchaghị ka a ga-akọ karịa idina mmadụ n'ike. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ na-eledakarị n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere nyocha mba. Nsonaazụ iwu sitere n'idina ndị enyi ha bụ otu ihe maka idina mmadụ n'ike.

Mmalite nke okwu ahụ

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Nnyocha e ji amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndina n'ike n'ike na nke onye onye ahụ a na-emegbu mara na-aga azụ na 1950s, mgbe nnyocha nyochara faịlụ ndị uwe ojii America n'ike n'ike sitere na 1958 na 1960 chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara bụ ndị eboro ebubo na ndị ikom maara ndị ha metụtara mere. Onye edemede nwanyị na onye ndọrọndọrọ Diana Russell ji nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ amata idina n'ike bụ nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1982.[1]: 395  O ji ya dị ka okwu nche anwụ kpuchiri mmeko nwoke niile metụtara ndị maara ibe ha, n'akwụkwọ nyocha ya. nke ụmụ nwanyị 930 nọ na San Francisco ebe ọ chọpụtara na 35% kwuru na ha enwetala mmeko nwoke ma ọ bụ nwara idina mmadụ n'ike, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 11% ndị kwuru na ndị bịara abịa na-edina ha n'ike. N'afọ 1988, onye edemede nwanyị America bụ Robin Warshaw bipụtara I Never Called It Rape, akwụkwọ mbụ na-ekwu banyere ndina n'ike.[1]

Mgbasawanye

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Ọ bụ onye onye a na-ahụkarị n'ike ka onye ahụ e dinara n'ike maara. Na United States, Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) kọrọ na pasent 45 nke mwakpo mmekọahụ bụ nke onye ọ maara na pasent 25 ọzọ site n'aka onye mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.[2]

Nnyocha 2004-05 nke mba 30 kachasị na Europe site na United Nations Research Institute chọpụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị e dinara n'ike maara ndị dinara ha n'ike, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ site n'aha. 17% bụ onye ọrụ ibe ma ọ bụ onye isi, 16% bụ ezigbo enyi, 11% bụ onye mmekọ mbụ, na 7% bụ onye mmekọ ugbu a.[3] N'ime nnukwu nnyocha nke European Commission na 2009 banyere ikpe ndina n'ike na Europe, a chọpụtara na 67% nke ndị dinara n'ike maara onye ahụ e dinara, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mmekọ ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke mbụ.[4] Na Europe, ebe a na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ n'ụlọ onye e dinara n'ike.[5]

Na US, ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-ewere ụdị ndina n'ime nwanyị ma ọ bụ ndina n'obi nke ìgwè. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1987 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ 7,000 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise chọpụtara na otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ e dinara n'ike ma ọ bụ nwara idina ha n'ike, na pasentị iri asatọ na anọ n'ime ha maara onye wakporo ha.[6] Otu nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na 16% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke kwetara na ha dinara n'ike, na 10% kwetara na-anwa ya, kwuru na ha anọghị naanị ha. N'afọ 1985, Association of American Colleges bipụtara akụkọ na-akọwa ihe a na-akpọ "ụgbọ oloko" mgbe ahụ, ebe ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke dinara nwanyị na-enweghị ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ mmanya. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'ihe gbasara iri abụọ na anọ e dere ede nke a kọrọ na ndị otu kọleji dinara mmadụ n'ike n'afọ ndị 1980, ndị otu fraternity mere iri na atọ, itoolu site n'aka ndị otu egwuregwu, na abụọ site n'etiti ndị ikom na-esoghị n'òtù iwu kwadoro.[1] Na U.S. National Women's Study, a kọwara 20% nke ndị dinara mmadụ n'ike dị ka ndị enyi, 16% dị ka di, 14% dị ka ụmụ nwoke, na 9% ndị na-abụghị ndị ikwu dị ka ndị ọrụ aka, ndị ọrụ ibe na ndị agbata obi.[7]

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1992 banyere ndina n'ike a kọrọ n'ime obodo na n'akụkụ Johannesburg, South Africa chọpụtara na 80% nke ndina n'ime ụmụ nwanyị toro eto bụ nke ndị ọ na-amaghị mere, mgbe mgbe site n'aka ndị ikom na-eji égbè tọọrọ ha n'ụzọ ha na-aga ọrụ ma ọ bụ banye n'ụlọ ha. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndina n'ike ụmụ agbọghọ na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii bụ ndị ha maara, na-abụkarị ndị ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị enyi, na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị òtù.[8]

Na India, mkpọsa megide ndina n'ike na-elekwasị anya na "ike n'ike": ya bụ, ndina n'ime nwanyị site n'aka nwoke nọ n'ọkwá dị elu karịa nke ya, dị ka onye nwe ụlọ, onye uwe ojii, ma ọ bụ onye were ya n'ọrụ.[9]

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ụwa chọpụtara na n'Etiopia, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ime ihe ike nile bụ di ma ọ bụ enyi nwoke nke onye ahụ metụtara..[10]

Ụdị

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Nkontakịrị ndị enyi bụ ngalaba sara mbara nke gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile ma ewezuga nke ndị mmadụ na-amabughị onye e dinara n'ike mere. Nkowa mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike gụnyere mmeko nwoke niile n'ụbọchị na n'alụmdi na nwunye na mmeko nwoke n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, yana mmeko nwoke nke ndị mmadụ dịka ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe, ndị ọrụ ibe, ndị enyi, ndị agbata obi, na ndị na-azụ ahịa, ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta nlekọta. Ndina n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ndina otu òtù, mmeko ụmụaka n'ike na idina n'ike n'iwu na-abụkarịkwa ụdị mmeko nwoke nke ndị maara. Mmeko nwoke n'ike na mmeko nwoke n'ike n'ike na-adaba n'ụdị idina mmadụ n'ike ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ezutela tupu e dinara n'ike a.

A kọọrọ na ndị were ha n'ọrụ dinara ndị ọrụ ụlọ na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'ọtụtụ mba gụnyere Kuwait, [11]#mwt123" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19","html":"<span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;templatestyles&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;extsrc&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;_target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Cite journal&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Cite_journal&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;August 1992&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;13 June 2014&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAZc\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"mwAZg\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/k/kuwait/kuwait928.pdf\" id=\"mwAZk\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Punishing the Victim: Rape and Mistreatment of Asian Maids in Kuwait\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\" id=\"mwAZo\">(PDF)</span>. Middle East Watch Women's Rights Project (Human Rights Watch) Vol. 4 Issue 8. August 1992<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAZs\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAZw\">13 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span about=\"#mwt119\" id=\"mwAZ4\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> </span><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAZ8\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaA\">{{<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"524\" href=\"./Template:Cite_journal\" id=\"mwAaE\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Template:Cite journal\">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span about=\"#mwt119\" class=\"cs1-visible-error citation-comment\" id=\"mwAaI\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Cite journal requires <code class=\"cs1-code\" id=\"mwAaM\"><span id=\"mwAaQ\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">|</span>journal=</code> (<a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"525\" href=\"./Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaU\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Help:CS1 errors\">help</a>)</span><link about=\"#mwt119\" href=\"./Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical\" id=\"mwAaY\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">"}}" id="cite_ref-19" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Acquaintance_rape#cite_note-19 [2]] United Arab Emirates, [12] Saudi Arabia, [3] Malaysia, [13] Singapore [4] na Indonesia [4]

Ihe nlele kọleji

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Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike bụ akụkụ nke ndina n'ime ndị enyi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ e mere na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji gụnyere ma ndị enyi na ndị mmekọ na otu ụdị ahụ. Nnyocha niile na-esonụ banyere ndina n'ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọleji a kpọtụrụ aha na ngalaba a gụnyere ndị na-abụghị ndị enyi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ezinụlọ, ndị enyi, ma ọ bụ ụmụ klas) yana ndị mmekọ (dị ka ndị enyi nwoke) na ajụjụ ha banyere njirimara nke onye dinara mmadụ n'ike. Nnyocha ụfọdụ emeela atụmatụ na 90% nke ndina n'ike e mere megide ụmụ nwanyị nọ na kọleji bụ ndina n'ime mmadụ (Crawford et al. 2008; Fisher et al. 2000). Nnyocha 2007 nke National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center nke nyochara ihe nnọchi anya mba nke ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 5,000, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị kọleji 3,000, chọpụtara na, n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị kọلji, ihe karịrị 50% nke ndina n'ike na ihe dị ka 70% nke ndina n"ike ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị ike bụ nke onye maara (Kilpatrick et al. 2007).

Ihe Nlereanya Obodo

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National Crime Victims Research & Treatment Center jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ ndina n'ike nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na ụmụ nwanyị obodo tụnyere. (Kilpatrick et al. 2007) Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ozuzu ha nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndina n'ike (18% vs 12%) na ndina n'ikike (15% vs 6%). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey nke Centers for Disease Control (CDC) mere chọpụtara na 41% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edina n'ike n'oge ndụ ha niile bụ ndị onye ha maara wakporo, na ihe karịrị ọkara (51%) bụ ndị onye mmekọ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke gara aga dinara n'ike (Black et al. 2011). N'etiti ndina n'ike nke mmanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ mere ka onye ahụ ghara inwe ike ịkwa iko, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ikpe niile (93%) bụ nke onye ọ maara ma ọ bụ ezigbo onye mmekọ mere. Nnyocha a gụnyekwara ndị ikom zaghachiri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke ndina n'ike dị ala maka ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị (1 n'ime 71, ma ọ bụ 1.4%, ụmụ nwoke vs 1 n'ime 5, ma ọ bụ 18%, ụmụ nwanyị), n'otu aka ahụ ọkara nke ndina n"ike nke ụmụ nwoke metụtara ndị maara (52%) na 15.1% site n'aka onye ọ na-amaghị.[14] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị na-edina nwoke n'ike bụ ndị ikom ndị ọzọ.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpali ya

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Ịhụnanya n'ike bụ ụdị sara mbara, ya mere ebumnuche nke ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike dịgasị iche. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike na-enwekarị otu njirimara: ikike inwe mmekọahụ ọbụlagodi na onye mmanya na-egbu, na-ebe ákwá, na-arịọ arịrịọ, na-eguzogide, na-agbọ agbọ na / ma ọ bụ na-amaghị onwe ya, yana mmetụta gabigara ókè nke ikike na enweghị obi amamikpe, nchegharị, ọmịiko na ọmịiko maka ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na isi ihe na-akpali ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike bụ afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, nakwa na ha na-ahụkarị omume ha dị ka ịrata mmadụ, ọ bụghị ndina n'ike.[15]

Nnyocha nke ndị America iri na ise na-abụghị ndị mba ọzọ na-edina mmadụ n'ike chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị kọwara nna ha dị ka ndị na-anọghị n'ahụ na n'ụzọ mmetụta uche, ma gosipụta ibu iro megide ụmụ nwanyị na ọchịchọ ịchịkwa ha, ma nwee àgwà nwoke. Otu onye nchọpụta kwuru na ndị ikom nwere mmekọrịta dị mma na ndị nna ha nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe mkpa ịkọwa onwe ha na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị ma ghara inwe mmasị "igosi oke nwoke nke ịdị elu nwoke" [16]

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọchịchọ igosi onwe ha, ịbụ akụkụ nke otu, ma ọ bụ egwu nke ịbụ ndị ikom ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ na-achụpụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha esonyeghị.[17] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwu na ndina n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye abụghị maka mmekọahụ kama ọ bụ maka njikwa, ike, ime ihe ike na mmechuihu.[18]

Mmetụta

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Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị e dinara n'ike anaghị enwe mmerụ ahụ ma e wezụga ịbanye n'ime ya n'onwe ya. N'adịghị ka ihe a na-eche mgbe niile, ndina n'ike onye ọ na-amaghị nwere ike ọ gaghị akpata mmerụ ahụ karịa ndina n'ime ndị ọ maara, ọkachasị ndina n'ahụ site n'aka onye ọ maara ugbu a ma ọ bụ onye bụbu onye ya na ya na-edina n'ike: 24% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị onye ọ na ya na ya dina na-edide na ha ọzọ na-enwe mmerụ ahụ ọzọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 40-50% nke ụmụ nwanyị dinara site n'otu onye ọ bụ onye ọ bụbu ya.[5]

Akụkọ

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Ọnọdụ nke ndina n'ike na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye ahụ e dinara na onye na-eme ya anaghị agbanwe nkọwa iwu nke ndina n"ike. Ọ bụ ezie na ndina n'ike nke ndị maara ihe na-anọchite anya nke ọma n'etiti ndina n'ime mmadụ nke a na-akọwara ndị ọchịchị, nyocha na-egosi na ha nwere ike karịa ndina n'obi nke ndị ọzọ ka a ghara ịkọ akụkọ. Otu nnyocha ndị America chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị 2% nke ndị e dinara n'ike n'aka ndị enyi ha kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii ndina n'ike ha, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 21% nke ndị onye ọ na-amaghị dinara n"ike.[19]

A na-akpọ ikpe ndị metụtara ndị enyi na-adịghị egosipụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ mpụ ndina n'ike zoro ezo (Koss et al. 1988). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnyocha mba nke ụmụ nwanyị kọleji gosipụtara na 29% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọ na-amaghị na 3% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi ka a kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii. Nchọpụta ndị ahụ yiri n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo ebe a na-akọ 34% nke ndina n'ike ndị ọzọ na 13% nke ndina n"ike ndị enyi (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na a pụghị ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndina n'ike bụ na ndị a na-edina n'ike anaghị akpọ onwe ha ndị e dinara n'ike. Ịghara ịghọta ma ọ bụ ịhọrọ ile ndina n'ike anya na ahụmahụ nke gụnyere ike ma ọ bụ mmanya na-aba n'anya / ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eme ka ọ banye mgbe enweghị ike ikwenye a kpọrọ ndina n'ime mmadụ na-enweghị nkwenye. Ọ bụ nchọpụta a nabatara nke ọma nke mbụ a kọrọ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 (Koss et al., 1988) kwughachiri na mbido afọ 2000 (Fisher et al., 2003) na nso nso a nke Kilpatrick et al. mere. ndina n'ike a na-amaghị ama bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ndị ndị ha maara (23%) dinara ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọ na-amagye (55%). N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị obodo, ndị kwetara na ihe omume ahụ bụ ndina n'ike nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ karịa ndị na-adịghị (21% vs 6%). Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ na-ahapụ ọgwụ ọjọọ n'oge ndina n'ike nwere ike ọ gaghị agwa ndị ọchịchị ahụmahụ ahụ (Kilpatrick et al. 2007; Fisher et al. 2003). Ihe ndị ọzọ mere na ndị e dinara n'ike bụ ndị onye a ma ama dinara n"ike nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịkọ akụkọ bụ mmetụta ihere, ịta onwe gị ụta maka ndina n'ike, egwu nke a na-ekweghị, na-achọghị ịkpali esemokwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ, na-enweghị ọchịchọ ime ka ndị ha mara na nsogbu (Kilpatrick et al. 2007). Mmetụta ndị a niile na-akwalite akụkọ ifo ọdịnala nke ndina n'ike nke na-eme ka echiche ahụ dị na ndina n'ime mmadụ abụghị ndina n'anya "ezigbo" (Estrich, 1987).

Ihe odide

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Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Reeves Sanday (1997). A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial. University of California Press, 186–194. ISBN 978-0520210929.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Finley (2018). "Acquaintance rape", in Smith: Encyclopedia of Rape and Sexual Violence, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-44-084489-8. 
  3. ↑ van Dijk (2007). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS, 77–79. ISBN 978-90-5454-965-9. Retrieved on 13 June 2014. 
  4. ↑ Lovett (2009). Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases across Europe. ISBN 978-0-9544803-9-4. Retrieved on 13 June 2014. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Eriksson (2011). Defining Rape: Emerging Obligations for States under International Law? (The Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library). Martinus Nijhoff, 157–158, 166. ISBN 978-9004202634.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Kuersten (2003). Women and the Law: Leaders, Cases, and Documents. ABC-CLIO, 143–144. ISBN 978-0874368789. 
  7. ↑ Simon (2008). Bad Men Do what Good Men Dream: A Forensic Psychiatrist Illuminates the Darker Side of Human Behavior. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 59. ISBN 9781585622948. 
  8. ↑ (1995) Violence Against Women in South Africa: State Responses to Domestic Violence and Rape. Human Rights Watch, 53. ISBN 978-1564321626. 
  9. ↑ Kumbhare (2009). Women of India: Their Status Since the Vedic Times. iUniverse, 136. ISBN 978-1440156007. 
  10. ↑ (2005) "WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses". World Health Organization. Retrieved on 13 June 2014. 
  11. ↑ Nardos (2003). Overcoming Violence against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 75–76. ISBN 978-0742525009. 
  12. ↑ (2008) "As If I Am Not Human": Abuses Against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia. Human Rights Watch, 68–71. ISBN 978-1564323514. 
  13. ↑ (July 2006) "Swept Under the Rug: Abuses Against Domestic Workers Around the World". Human Rights Watch 18 (7). Retrieved on 13 June 2014. 
  14. ↑ Black, M.C. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 Summary Report. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  15. ↑ Chancellor (2012). Investigating Sexual Assault Cases (Jones & Bartlett Learning Guides to Law Enforcement Investigation). Jones & Bartlett Learning, 167. ISBN 978-1449648695. 
  16. ↑ Clay-Warner (2013). Confronting Rape and Sexual Assault (The Worlds of Women Series). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 150–159. ISBN 978-0842025997. 
  17. ↑ Benedict (1994). Recovery: How to Survive Sexual Assault for Women, Men, Teenagers and their Families. Columbia University Press, 8. ISBN 978-0231096751. 
  18. ↑ Flowers (2000). Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse: A Study of Contemporary American Society. McFarland & Company, 85. ISBN 978-0786408238. 
  19. ↑ Wiehe (1995). Intimate Betrayal: Understanding and Responding to the Trauma of Acquaintance Rape. SAGE Publications, 3–4, 30. ISBN 978-0803973619. 
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