Wikipedia

Nri na-eme ka a nụchaa ya

Fatịlaịza organic bụ fatịlaịza nke a na-emepụta na okike.[1] Fatịlaịza bụ ihe enwere ike ịgbakwunye na ala ma ọ bụ osisi, iji nye nri na ịkwado uto. Fatịlaịza organic a na-ahụkarị gụnyere ihe mkpofu anụmanụ niile gụnyere mkpofu nhazi anụ, nri, slurry, na guano; gbakwunyere fatịlaịza ihe ọkụkụ dị ka compost; na biosolids. Inorganic "fatịlaịza organic" gụnyere mineral na ash. Ọgba aghara a na-ezo aka na ụkpụrụ nke Organic Agriculture, nke na-ekpebi ma enwere ike iji fatịlaịza maka ọrụ ugbo organic azụmahịa, ọ bụghị ma fatịlaịza nwere ogige organic.

Ebe a na-echekwa simenti nke nwere nsị ehi a gwakọtara ya na mmiri. Nke a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ime obodo Hainan Province, China. Rịba ama bọket dị n'elu osisi nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-eji etinye ngwakọta ahụ.
Ala a na-egbuke egbuke
Enwere ike itinye nri ọkpụkpụ na nri anụ n'ime ala iji kpalie uto mgbọrọgwụ na ịhapụ phosphorus.

Ihe Nlereanya na Ebe e si nweta ya

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Fatịlaịza organic ndị bụ isi bụ, peat, mkpofu anụmanụ, mkpofu ahịhịa sitere na ọrụ ugbo, na sludg nsị mmiri a na-edozi.[1]

Ihe ndị a na-egwupụta n'ala

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Enwere ike gwupụta mineral site na ngwaahịa anụ arụ nke anụmanụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (nchekwa mmiri anaerobic), ụfọdụ nkume limestones (nkwakọba shei fossil), [5] na ụfọdụ phosphates (fossil guano).[6] Ịgbakwunye nzu ma ọ bụ "liming" ala bụ ụzọ isi bulie pH.[7] Site n'ịkwalite pH nke ala, enwere ike ịkwalite uto microbial, nke n'aka nke ya na-abawanye usoro ndu, na-eme ka ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na-asọba n'ime ala.[8] Mgbe nri na-asọpụta n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ha na-enwe ike ịnweta osisi na ya mere nwere ike ịbawanye ahụike na oke osisi. Ọ bụrụ na ala adịlarị pH nguzozi, na-akụda ala, agaghị adị irè.

  • Rock phosphate
  • Raw Langbeinite
  • Nkume
  • potassium sulfate a na-edozighị eme ihe

Ebe E Si nweta ya

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Ihe ndị sitere n'anụmanụ gụnyere ma nsị anụmanụ na ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ site na igbu anụmanụ.[2]

A na-esi n'anụmanụ na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi na-enweta nri nri, anụ ọkụkọ na-amị akwa, na anụmanụ ndị a na-akpa maka anụ na imepụta ihe nzuzo, ma ọ bụ egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ. Nri bụ ihe bara ụba nke nwere atụmatụ maka nri ehi na US naanị na-eru ijeri tọn abụọ kwa afọ, [9] na otu nne okuko nwere ikike imepụta otu cubic ụkwụ nri kwa ọnwa isii.[10] Site n'itinye nri n'ihe ọkụkụ, ọ na-agbakwunye nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sọlfọ, magnesium na calcium.[11]. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abawanye nkwụsi ike nke ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị ndụ, ịba ụba mmiri n'ime mmiri, ọ nwere ike ịgbakwunye iche iche nje bacteria na ka oge na-aga belata mmetụta nke mbuze ala.[3]

Otú ọ dị, e nwere nsị anụ ahụ na nsị na-abụghị nke anụ ahụ.Iji were nsị dị ka ihe dị ndụ, ọ ga-esite n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akụ ihe dị ndụ.[4] Ọ bụrụ na enweghị nsị anụ ahụ, a na-ekwe ka ha jiri nsị na-abụghị nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ohere ịgagharị, anaghị edebe ha n'ọchịchịrị, ndị na-akụ ya anaghị eji nri gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[4]

Nri dị ọhụrụ, site na ụlọ, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịdị elu na ammonia, ma ọ bụ nwee nje bacteria sitere na eriri afọ anụmanụ.Nke a nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na osisi dịka ammonia nwere ike ịgba mgbọrọgwụ ọkụ na ụmụ ahụhụ sitere na eriri afọ anụmanụ nwere ike imerụ microorganisms n'ime ala, gbuo ha, ma ọ bụ metọọ ihe, dị ka E. coli na salmonella.[5] Enwekwara ihe ize ndụ nke iwebata ahịhịa, ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ nwere ike ịgafe eriri afọ nke anụmanụ na-emerụghị ahụ, ma ọ bụ enwere ike inwe mkpụrụ n'ihe ndina nke anụ ụlọ, nke a na-agwakọta ya na nsị. Ya mere, a chọrọ ka a mee nsị nke ga-egbu mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ pathogens ọ bụla ma belata ammonia.[6]

 
Nnukwu ọrụ compost azụmahịa

Akpụkpọ anụ, nke nwere nsị ọkụkọ na ihe ndina, bụ fatịlaịza nke a tụpụtara ka ọ dị elu maka idozi ala maka owuwe ihe ubi na fatịlaịtị aka.[7] O nwere mineral ndị yiri nke ahụ na nsị ndị ọzọ, ebe o nwekwara obere ọla kọpa, zinc, magnesium, boron, na chloride.[5] Dabere na ụdị anụ ọkụkọ a nwetara, ọ nwere ike ịnwe ihe fọdụrụnụ. A gaghị agbasa ụdị nsị ọkụkọ a n'ihe ọkụkụ, ọ pụkwara itinye anụ ụlọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi botulism, ọrịa nke nje bacteria kpatara n'ime nnụnụ na-ere ure.[5]

Nri ịnyịnya nwere nguzozi zuru oke nke Carbon na Nitrogen maka composting (30:1) ma bụrụ mmezi ala ubi ọdịnala. Otú ọ dị, iji nlezianya nweta ihe ndị dị ndụ dị oke mkpa n'ihi na nri (na ihe ndina) sitere na ubi ndị a na-agwọ na ezinụlọ picolinic acid nke herbicides gụnyere aminopyralid, clopyralid), na picloram (nke a na-ere na US dị ka Milestone na Grazon-) nwere ike ịgafe n'ụzọ mgbari nri nke ịnyịnya, na-anọgide na-agbanwebeghị na nsị na compost maka ogologo oge. Chemicals ndị a na-emetụtakarị poteto, tomato, na agwa, na-akpata osisi ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ na mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-adịghị. Ọzọkwa, a pụrụ ịchọpụta ndị na-egbu egbu ịnyịnya dị ka Ivermectin n'ime nsị n'ogo na-emerụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bara uru ruo ụbọchị 45. Compost metụrụ emebi nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị igbu osisi na ihe ndị bara uru, kamakwa ọ nwere ike ịmepụta nsogbu maka ndị nwe ya.[8]

A na-eji guano bat eme ihe dị ka fatịlaịza ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọkachasị site n'aka Ndị Incan, bụ ndị ji ụkpara na guano ha kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu, ntaramahụhụ maka igbu ụkpara bụ ọnwụ. Bat guano dị elu na ihe ndị dị ka carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, na phosphorus. Guano na-enwekarị ihe dị ka 10% nitrogen, nke na-enyere osisi aka ịnọgide na-enwe ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị mma ma na-akwalite uto ngwa ngwa. Guano ma e jiri ya tụnyere fatịlaịza arụpụtara dị mma iji mee ihe n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ, nnukwu ogige ma ọ bụ obere osisi, ọ naghị esi n'ala pụọ kama ọ na-anọgide ma na-aga n'ihu na-enye osisi nri ma na-eme ka ala dịkwuo mma. Guano bara ọgaranya na nje ndị na-agwọ ọrịa nke na-enyere aka ịsacha nsí na-abụghị nke okike site n'ala nke nwere ike igbochi uto osisi ma kpatara ire ure ngwa ngwa.[9]

Mmanụ aṅụ, nke sitere n'aka ụmụ mmadụ nakwa ụmụ anụmanụ, bụ fatịlaịza: urea dị na mamịrị bụ nitrogen compound, mamịrị nwekwara phosphorus na potassium.[10][11][12][13] Mkpụrụ obi mmadụ na-enwekarị nitrogen okpukpu atọ karịa potassium, na ihe karịrị okpukpu iri abụọ karịa nitrogen karịa phosphorus.[14][15] Ọnụ ọgụgụ potassium dị na mamịrị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ potassius dị na nri mmadụ.[14][16] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji mamịrị anụmanụ, dị ka nke ehi na ezì, eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ọhịa ndị ọrụ ugbo, mamịrị mmadụ na-abụghị dịka akụkụ nke nsị nsị anaghị ekwe ka ejiri ya mee ihe na ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla.  Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnyocha na-aga n'ihu nke gosipụtara na ịka nká mamịrị n'ime akpa mechiri emechi maka ọnwa 12-16 na-ewepụ 99% nke nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ, n'ihi mmụba nke urea na ya mere pH.[10]

Ihe ndị e si n'anụmanụ nweta. Mgbe a na-egbu anụ ọ bụla, naanị ihe dị ka 40% ruo 60% nke anụmanụ dị ndụ ka a na-agbanwe ngwaahịa ahịa, ebe 40% ruo 60% fọdụrụnụ bụ ihe ndị a na-emepụta. Ihe ndị a sitere na igbu anụmanụ, nke a na-adịghị eri eri - ọbara, ọkpụkpụ, ábụ́bà, akpụkpọ anụ, ụkwụ, mpi, - nwere ike ime ka ha bụrụ fatịlaịza ọrụ ugbo gụnyere nri ọbara, nri ọkpụkpụ nri azụ, na nri ábụ́tụ̀bà.

 
Compost bin maka obere mmepụta nke fatịlaịza

  Nri ndị a na-emepụta na-agụnye compost, nsị mmiri, humic acid, nri ọka, amino acid, na ihe ndị a na'ime mmiri. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ bụ protein enzyme na-agbari. Ịrebi ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ (nri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) site n'afọ ndị gara aga bụ isi iyi ọzọ nke ọmụmụ.

Compost na-enye obere ihe na-edozi ahụ na osisi, mana ọ na-enye ala nkwụsi ike site na ịbawanye ihe ndị dị ndụ. Compost na-enyere microorganisms aka ịmụba nke na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ iji mee ka ọ dị mfe.[17] Compost adịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ nke sitere na osisi zuru oke: a na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke ihe mkpofu osisi jupụtara na carbon na ihe mkpofu anụmanụ jupụtara na nitrogen gụnyere nsị mmadụ dị ka ụzọ isi wepụ pathogens na ísì site na nke ikpeazụ.[18]

Enwere ike iji ọka gluten, alfalfa, cottonseed, ma ọ bụ soybean mee nri ọka.Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enye nitrogen na potassium, mana nri soybean na-enye nitrogenium na phosphorus.[17]Mgbe ha gbasara na mbụ, ha nwere ike ịkpata mmụba nke ammonia n'ime ala ma kpọọ mkpụrụ ọkụ, a na-atụ aro iji ha mee ihe mgbe osisi ndị a mepụtara, iji hụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-aga nke ọma.

Nnyocha ARS ndị ọzọ achọpụtala na algae eji ejide nitrogen na phosphorus runoff site na ubi ugbo nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị igbochi mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị a na-edozi ahụ, kamakwa enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka fatịlaịza. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ARS mepụtara "algal turf scrubber" iji belata nsị nri na-edozi ahụ ma mee ka mmiri na-asọba n'iyi, osimiri, na ọdọ mmiri dị mma. Ha chọpụtara na algae a jupụtara na nri, ozugbo a kpọrọ nkụ, nwere ike itinye ya na cucumber na mkpụrụ ọka ma mee ka uto yiri nke a hụrụ site na iji fatịlaịza eme ihe.[19]

Ash nke a na-emepụta site na ọkụ osisi bụkwa fatịlaịza K dị mkpa.[20]

Peat

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Peat, ma ọ bụ turf, bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke na-ere ure. Ọ bụ isi iyi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.Ala nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị dị ndụ anaghị adịkarị mkpakọ, nke na-eme ka ikuku ala na mmiri na-agbapụta, yana inye aka n'ịkwado ahụike microbial.[21][3] A na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na ọ bụ fatịlaịza a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ mmezigharị kachasị elu.

Ihe mkpofu mmadụ

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  Mmiri nsị, nke a makwaara dị ka Biosolids, bụ mmiri nsị nke a gwọrọ, gwakọta, gwakọọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ ka a kpọọ ya ruo mgbe a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe dị mma. Dị ka fatịlaịza, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-abụghị nke ọrụ ugbo dịka na silviculture ma ọ bụ na mmezi ala. Ojiji nke bio-solids na mmepụta ugbo abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị, na National Organic Program nke USDA (NOP) ekpebiela na a naghị ekwe ka biosolids na-emepụta nri na US; ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere mineral), sludge bụ ihe a na'ihi mkpokọta ọla na-egbu egbu, ọgwụ, homonụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.[22]

N'inwe nchegbu banyere pathogens a na-ebute n'ahụ mmadụ tinyere mmasị na-arịwanye elu maka ụlọ mposi na ọgwụgwọ nsị dị n'etiti, biosolids anọwo na-anọchi ala abalị (site na nsị mmadụ), fatịlaịza ọdịnala nke a na-edozi nke ọma.   [citation needed]

 
Nri anụmanụ na-emebi emebi bụ isi iyi fatịlaịza

Ntinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo

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In non-organic farming, a compromise between the use of artificial and organic fertilizers is common[Tinye edensibịa], often using inorganic fertilizers supplemented with the application of organics that are readily available such as the return of crop residues or the application of manure.

A na-akụkwa ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi iji mee ka ala dị ka nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na nitrogen fixation site na ikuku; yana phosphorus (site na mmegharị nke ihe oriri) ọdịnaya nke ala.[23][24]

Osisi fatịlaịza na-enyere aka n'ọrụ ugbo site n'iweta ihe oriri site na omimi nke ala, yana site n'inyere aka n'ịchịkwa ojiji nke mmiri.[25]

A na-akụkwa ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ Osisi fatịlaịza iji mee ka ala dị ka nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na Njikọ nitrogen site na ikuku; yana phosphorus (site na mmegharị nri) nke ala.[26][27]

Ntụnyere

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Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu

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N'ozuzu, ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ime fatịlaịza maka ubi na-agbanyewanye ma na-adịchaghị mfe maka osisi. Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ịchọ nke a dị ka ụdị fatịlaịza na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa nke nwere nitrogen na-adịghị agwakọta. Site na ọdịdị ha, fatịlaịza ndị dị n'ime ala na-abawanye usoro nchekwa nri anụ ahụ na nke anụ ahụ n'ala, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke imebiga nri ókè. Ihe na-edozi ahụ nke organic fatịlaịza, solubility, na ọnụego ntọhapụ nke nutritient na-adịkarị ala karịa mineral (inorganic) fatịlaịtị.[28][29]Nnyocha nke Mahadum nke North Carolina chọpụtara na nitrogen nwere ike mineralizable (PMN) n'ime ala dị 182-285% karịa na usoro mulched karịa na njikwa synthetics.[30]

E nwere fatịlaịza 'na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa' nke nwere ihe ize ndụ nke Ọkụ fatịlaịza. Ihe ndị a gụnyere nsị anụmanụ na-enweghị ntụpọ, emulsion azụ, nri ọbara, na mamịrị. Composting na-agbanwe nitrogen na isi mmalite ndị a n'ụdị ndị ọzọ kwụsiri ike (na ụfọdụ mfu). [31]

Ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ala

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A maara fatịlaịza ndị sitere n'okike ka ha melite ụdị dị iche iche (ndụ ala) na mmepụta ala ogologo oge, ma nwee ike igosi nnukwu ebe nchekwa maka carbon dioxide karịrị akarị. [32][33][34][35]

Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na-eme ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ala site n'inye ihe na micronutrients maka mmekọrịta dị ka mycorrhiza fungal, (nke na-enyere osisi aka ịmị ihe oriri), ma nwee ike belata ihe ndị na-edochi ahụ n'èzí, ike na fatịlaịza, na ọnụahịa nke obere mkpụrụ. [36][37]

Ịdị n'otu

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fatịlaịza sitere na ihe ndị mejupụtara na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site n'otu batrị gaa na nke ọzọ.[38] Enweghị nnwale nke ụyọkọ, enweghị ike ịmata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ. Ka o sina dị, otu ma ọ bụ karịa nnyocha egosiwo na ha dịkarịa ala dị ka fatịlaịza kemịkal n'oge ogologo oge.[39]

Hụkwa

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Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Values of Organic Fertilizers. extension.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-01-02. Retrieved on 2021-05-16.
  2. ↑ Guertal (2012). "Evaluation of organic fertilizer sources for south-eastern (USA) turfgrass maintenance" (in en). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B 62 (sup1): 130–138. DOI:10.1080/09064710.2012.683201. ISSN 0906-4710. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Manure and Nutrient Management - Beef Cattle Research Council. Manure and Nutrient Management - Beef Cattle Research Council. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved on 2021-04-09.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 How do the Regenerative Organic Standards compare to the Canadian Organic Standards? (en-US). The Canadian Organic Grower. Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved on 2021-04-09.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Best practice guidelines for using poultry litter on pastures (en). www.thepoultrysite.com. Retrieved on 2021-04-09.
  6. ↑ The Poop on Manure (en). West Coast Seeds (24 January 2021). Retrieved on 2021-04-09.
  7. ↑ Researchers Study Value of Chicken Litter in Cotton Production (23 July 2010).
  8. ↑ The Worm Farmer's Handbook: Mid- to Large-Scale Vermicomposting for Farms, Businesses, Municipalities, Schools, and Institutions. Retrieved on 2021-07-25.
  9. ↑ GUANO: BATS' GIFT to GARDENERS (en-US). Bat Conservation International. Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved on 2021-12-02.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Urine fertilizer: 'Aging' effectively protects against transfer of antibiotic resistance (en). ScienceDaily. Retrieved on 2021-04-09.
  11. ↑ Yes wee can: study gives green light to use urine as crop fertiliser (en). the Guardian (2020-01-22). Retrieved on 2021-01-01.
  12. ↑ Can Human Urine Replace Chemical Fertilizers? (en-US). Modern Farmer (2014-01-13). Retrieved on 2021-05-16.
  13. ↑ Brown (2017-01-16). Pee for Plants (en). HuffPost. Retrieved on 2021-05-16.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Potassium - Urine (en). ucsfhealth.org. Retrieved on 2021-05-16.
  15. ↑ Phosphate in Urine (en-US). myhealth.alberta.ca. Retrieved on 2021-05-16.
  16. ↑ Mente (April 2009). "Urinary potassium is a clinically useful test to detect a poor quality diet". The Journal of Nutrition 139 (4): 743–749. DOI:10.3945/jn.108.098319. ISSN 1541-6100. PMID 19211830. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Plant-Based Fertilizers for Organic Gardens (en). dummies. Retrieved on 2021-04-10.
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  24. ↑ Uphoff (3 March 2006). Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420017113. Retrieved on 2012-01-09. 
  25. ↑ Langford, Kate (August 31, 2011). Surviving drought through agroforestry. World Agroforestry Centre. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved on August 29, 2012.
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  28. ↑ Acta Horticulturae. Actahort.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-09.
  29. ↑ AZ Master Gardener Manual: Organic Fetilizers. Ag.arizona.edu. Retrieved on 2012-01-09.
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  32. ↑ Enwall (December 2005). "Activity and Composition of the Denitrifying Bacterial Community Respond Differently to Long-Term Fertilization". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2): 8335–8343. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.12.8335-8343.2005. PMID 16332820. Retrieved on 1 February 2010. 
  33. ↑ Birkhofera (September 2008). "Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40 (9): 2297–2308. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007. Retrieved on 1 February 2010. 
  34. ↑ Lal (2004). "Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security". Science 304 (5677): 1623–7. DOI:10.1126/science.1097396. PMID 15192216. 
  35. ↑ Rees (3 July 2009). Change farming to cut CO2 emissions by 25 per cent. The Ecologist. Retrieved on 2 February 2010.
  36. ↑ PIMENTEL (July 2005). "Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems". BioScience 55 (7). DOI:[0573:EEAECO2.0.CO;2 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0573:EEAECO]2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0006-3568. 
  37. ↑ Mäder (31 May 2002). "Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming". Science 296 (5573): 1694–1697. DOI:10.1126/science.1071148. PMID 12040197. Retrieved on 1 February 2010. 
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