Svan asụsụ

Svan ; ლუშნუ ნინ Lušnu ninTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in:	Georgia
Region:	Svaneti; Abkhazia
Total speakers:	14,000
Language family:	Kartvelian; SvanTempleeti:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	sva
	Kartvelian_languages.svg Templeeti:Infobox Language/IPA

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; Templeeti:Lang-ka) bụ asụsụ Kartvelian nke ndị Svan na-asụ na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Georgian nke Svaneti.^[1] Ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu ya dị iche iche na-eche na ọ dị n'etiti 30,000 na 80,000, UNESCO na-akọwa Svan dị ka "asụsụ nwere nsogbu". Ọ bụ mmasị pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ jigidewo ọtụtụ atụmatụ ndị furu efu n'asụsụ Kartvelian ndị ọzọ.

Ihe ndị e ji mara ya

Ihe ndị e ji mara ezinụlọ

Dị ka asụsụ niile nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Caucasian, Svan nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdaume. Ọ nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti isiokwu na ihe, na usoro morphosyntactic nkewa. A na-eji ngwaa eme ihe maka akụkụ, ihe akaebe na "ụdị".

Ihe ndị pụrụ iche

Svan na-ejigide ụda olu na-enweghị ụda, /qʰ/, na glides /w/ na /j/. O nwere ndepụta ụdaume buru ibu karịa Georgian; asụsụ Upper Bal nke Svan nwere ọtụtụ ụdaume nke asụsụ ọ bụla nke South-Caucasian, nwere ma ogologo na mkpirikpi nsụgharị nke /a ɛ i ɔ u æ ø y/ gbakwunyere /ə eː/, ngụkọta nke ụdaume 18 (Georgian, n'ụzọ dị iche, nwere naanị ise).

Ọdịdị ya adịghị mma karịa nke asụsụ ụmụnne atọ ndị ọzọ, enwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na Njikọ.

Nbudata

Svan bụ asụsụ ala nke ihe na-erughị 30,000 Svans (15,000 n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Upper Svan na 12,000 bụ Lower Svan), bi n'ugwu Svaneti, ya bụ na mpaghara Mestia na Lentekhi nke Georgia, n'akụkụ osimiri Enguri, Tskhenistsqali na Kodori. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Svan bi na Ndagwurugwu Kodori nke mba Abkhazia nwere onwe ya. ^[2] bụ ezie na ọnọdụ dị n'ebe ahụ na-eme ka o sie ike ịkọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ha n'ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, enwere naanị atụmatụ na mmadụ 2,500 bi n'ebe wana.

A na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe na nkwurịta okwu ọha na eze. ^[3] nweghị ụkpụrụ edere ede ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ gọọmentị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụkwa asụsụ Georgian. A na-ewere asụsụ ahụ dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na nkà na ya n'etiti ndị na-eto eto pere mpe.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Svan bụ onye kachasị dị iche n'ime asụsụ anọ nke South-Caucasus ma kwenyere na ọ kewara na puku afọ nke abụọ BC ma ọ bụ tupu mgbe ahụ, ihe dị ka otu puku afọ tupu Georgian na Zan kewaa site na ibe ha.

^[4] Soviet ethnologist Evdokia Kozhevnikova dere asụsụ Svan n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Svaneti na 1920s na 1930s.

Asụsụ

A na-ekewa asụsụ Svan n'ime asụsụ ndị a:

Upper Svan (ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 15,000)
- Upper Bal: Ushguli, Kala, Ipar, Mulakh, Mestia, Lenzer, Latal.
- Lower Bal: Becho, Tskhumar, Etser, Par, Chubekh, Lakham.
Lower Svan (ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 12,000)
- Lashkhian: Lashkh.
- Lentekhi: Lentekhi, Kheled, Khopur, Rtskhmelur, Cholur

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu

Nkwekọrịta nkwenye nke Svan dị ma ọ bụ karịa ka nke Old Georgian. Ya bụ, tụnyere Modern Georgian, ọal nwekwara /j/, /q/ na /w/, mana fricative labiodental na-apụta naanị dị ka allophone nke /w/ n'olumba Ln. Ọzọkwa, uvula consonants /q/ na /q'/ a ghọtara dị ka ndị mmekọ, ya bụ [q͡χ] na[q͡χʼ].^[5]

Mkpụrụ okwu Svan
		Akpụkpọ ahụ	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		/m/ / m/ მ	n /n/ ნ
Plosive	kwuru okwu	b /b/ ბ	d /d/ დ		g /ɡ/ გ
	aspirated	p /pʰ/ ფ	t /tʰ/ თ		k /kʰ/ ქ	/qʰ/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
	ejective	Ihe omume /pʼ/ na-akpọ	ṭ /tʼ/ ტ		ḳ /kʼ/ კ	q̇ /qʼ/ ყ	ʔ /ʔ/
Africate	kwuru okwu		ʒ /d͡z/ ძ	/d͡ʒ/ /d͡ʒ ჯ/
	aspirated		c /t͡sʰ/	č /t͡ʃʰ/ ჩ
	ejective		ċ /t͡sʼ/ წ	čʼ /t͡ʃʼ/ ჭ
Ihe na-esiri ike	kwuru okwu	(v [v] ვ)	z /z/ ზ	j /ʒ/ جار		ɣ /ʁ/ ღ
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu		s /s/ ს	š /ʃ/ შ		x /χ/ ხ	h /h/ Chịa
Ihe atụ		/w/ /w/უ̂	l /l/ ლ	na /j/ way
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ			r /r/ რ

Mkpụrụedemede

Nchịkọta ụdaume nke Svan dịgasị iche n'etiti olumba dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdaume ogologo Proto-Svan na-apụta na asụsụ Upper Bal, Cholur na Lashkh, mana efunahụla ya na asụsụ Lentekh na Lower Bal. /œ/ jiri ya tụnyere Georgian, Svan nwekwara ụdaume dị elu /ə/ (nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [ɯ]~[ɨ]), ụdaume dị ala n'ihu /æ/ (ma e wezụga Lashkh) na ụdaume dị gburugburu n'ihu -œ/ na /y/ (ma ewezuga Lashkh). ^[5] na-ahụkarị ụdaume ndị gbara gburugburu n'ihu dị ka diphthongs [we] na [wi] ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ anaghị emeso ha dị ka ụdaume dị iche iche.

	N'ihu				Central		Ịlaghachi azụ
	unrounded		gbara gburugburu		Central		Ịlaghachi azụ
	dị mkpirikpi	ogologo oge	dị mkpirikpi	ogologo oge	dị mkpirikpi	ogologo oge	dị mkpirikpi	ogologo oge
N'akụkụ	/i//i/იi	/iː//iː/̄იī	/y/, ngọrọ	/yː/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]			/u//u/უu	/uː//uː/უ̄ū
N'etiti etiti	/e//e/e	/eː/__hau____hau____hau__			/ə/[nke dị ala]	/əː/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
N'etiti oghere			/œ/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	/œː//œː/ო̄̈ō	/ə/[nke dị ala]	/əː/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	/ɔ//ɔ/ოo	/ɔː//ɔː/ო̄ō
Emeghe	/æ//æ/ა̈ä	/æː//æː/ა̄̈ā̈ā					/ɑ//ɑ/აa	/ɑː//ɑː/ა̄ā

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ

Ihe ịrịba ama okporo ụzọ n'asụsụ Svan, nke nwere naanị mkpụrụedemede Svan, na ụdị romanized

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ, nke e sere n'elu, yiri Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Mingrelian, yana mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ole na ole ndị ọzọ na-adịghịzi adị na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Georgian: ^[6]

Ọdịdị [f]
N'ịbụ onye na-ejikarị eme ihe
Isi /ʔ/
Ọdịdị /j/
Nkwupụta /w/
Ọdịda Anyanwụ
/eː/'ihi ya, anyị na-aṅụrị ọṅụṅụ

A na-agbakwunye akara ngosi na ụdaume (umlaut maka ụdaume ihu na macron maka ogologo), ọ bụ ezie na anaghị ede nke ahụ. Ihe odide ndị ahụ

Okpukpu ("wi") /y/
Ihe a na-akpọ "anyị") /œ/

a na-eji n'asụsụ Lower Bal na Lentekh, na mgbe ụfọdụ na Upper Bal; ụda ndị a anaghị apụta na asụsụ Lashkh.

Edensibia

Ihe edeturu

↑ Tuite (1991–1996). "Svans", in Friedrich: Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 343. ISBN 0-8168-8840-X. OCLC 22492614.
↑ DoBeS (Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen, Documentation of Endangered Languages)
↑ Tuite (2017). "Language and emergent literacy in Svaneti", in Korkmaz: Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. Montréal: Brill, 226–243. ISBN 978-90-04-32564-7.
↑ Margiani (2023). "Texts in the Svan Language by Dina Kozhevnikova (Linguistic Analysis)", in Kvantidze: Dina Kozhevnikova: Ethnographical Records. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum. ISBN 978-9941-9822-1-7.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Tuite (2020). "The Svan language". Manuscript. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Svan alphabet, language and prounciation. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2023-10-13.

Nkwupụta n'ozuzu

Palmaitis (1986). Upper Svan: Grammar and texts. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Oniani (2005). Die swanische Sprache (Teil I: Phonologie, Morphonologie, Morphologie des Nomens; Teil II: Morphologie des Verbs, Verbal-nomen, Udeteroi). Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität.
Tuite (1997). Svan, Languages of the World, Materials, vol. 139. Munich: LINCOM-Europa. ISBN 978-3895861543.

Njikọ mpụga

Svan na nchekwa data TITUS
ECLING - Svan (na-agụnye ihe nkiri / vidiyo).
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Svan na asụsụ na Omniglot
Akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa Svan n'asụsụ Svan
Svan DoReCo corpus nke Jost Gippert chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ, na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị na nsụgharị.
Ihe ndekọ Svan (Lashkh Dialect) na ihe ngosi ọdịyo.

Templeeti:Kartvelian languages Templeeti:Languages of Georgia (country)Templeeti:Languages of the Caucasus Templeeti:Georgia (country) topics

n'elu, yiri Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Mingrelian, yana mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ole na ole ndị ọzọ na-adịghịzi adị na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ

[1] Tuite (1991–1996). "Svans", in Friedrich: Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 343. ISBN 0-8168-8840-X. OCLC 22492614.

[DoBeS-2] DoBeS (Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen, Documentation of Endangered Languages)

[3] Tuite (2017). "Language and emergent literacy in Svaneti", in Korkmaz: Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. Montréal: Brill, 226–243. ISBN 978-90-04-32564-7.

[4] Margiani (2023). "Texts in the Svan Language by Dina Kozhevnikova (Linguistic Analysis)", in Kvantidze: Dina Kozhevnikova: Ethnographical Records. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum. ISBN 978-9941-9822-1-7.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Tuite (2020). "The Svan language". Manuscript. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[6] Svan alphabet, language and prounciation. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2023-10-13.

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