Tassonomia di Bloom

La tassonomia di Bloom è uno dei modi di formalizzare le fasi di acquisizione e familiarizzazione con insiemi di informazioni o teorie. È utilizzato in psicologia dell'educazione per definire le fasi dell'apprendimento e costruire il processo educativo. Questa tassonomia prende il nome da Benjamin Bloom, presidente del comitato di educatori che ideò la tassonomia e curatore del primo volume del testo Tassonomia degli obiettivi educativi: La classificazione degli scopi dell'educazione.^[1]

I settori della tassonomia di Bloom fanno riferimento ai vari obiettivi che gli educatori dovrebbero definire per i loro studenti; essa divide gli obiettivi in tre dominî: cognitivo, affettivo e psicomotorio (a volte semplificati rispettivamente in 'conoscere/testa', 'sentire/cuore' e 'fare/mani'). All'interno dei dominî il passaggio al livello successivo è pregiudicato dall'acquisizione delle conoscenze e abilità che precedono^[2]. Uno degli obiettivi della tassonomia di Bloom è quello di motivare gli educatori a concentrarsi su tutti e tre i dominî, creando un approccio educativo più olistico.^[3]

La tassonomia di Bloom è considerata come fondamentale ed essenziale nella comunità educativa (per lo meno in quella statunitense)^[4], nonostante Bloom stesso considerò il manuale "uno dei testi meno letti ma più citati nell'educazione americana",^[5] cosa che ha portato a una specie di aura mitologica intorno alla tassonomia, avendone molte persone informazioni di seconda mano.

Storia

La pubblicazione della Tassonomia degli obiettivi educativi seguì una serie di conferenze che dal 1948 al 1953 furono organizzate a Boston dalla American Psychological Association. Uno degli obiettivi primari era quello di facilitare la comunicazione tra gli educatori, in particolare tra gli esaminatori.^[6]

Il primo volume "Handbook I: Cognitive", che presentava appunto la parte cognitiva,^[7] fu pubblicato nel 1956. "Handbook II: Affective", sulla sezione affettiva^[8] seguì nel 1965. Un terzo volume, che avrebbe dovuto riguardare la psicomotricità, fu progettato ma mai pubblicato. Una versione rivisitata del dominio cognitivo è stata pubblicata nel 2000.^[9]^[10]

Per approfondire

Note

^ Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.
^ Orlich, Donald; Harder, Robert; Callahan, Richard; Trevisan, Michael; Brown, Abbie (2004). Teaching strategies: a guide to effective instruction (7th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6182-9999-7.
^ Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.
^ Shane, Harold G. (1981). Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981. Phi Delta Kappan 62 (5): 311–314
^ Bloom, B. S. (1994). Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy. In Rehage, Kenneth J.; Anderson, Lorin W.; Sosniak, Lauren A. Bloom's taxonomy: A forty-year retrospective. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education) 93 (2). ISSN 1744-7984
^ Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company. "The idea for this classification system was formed at an informal meeting of college examiners attending the 1948 American Psychological Association Convention in Boston. At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners.
^ Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.
^ Krathwohl, D. R.; Bloom, B. S.; Masia, B. B. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: the affective domain. New York: David McKay Company.
^ Airasian, Peter W.; Cruikshank, Kathleen A.; Mayer, Richard E.; Pintrich, Paul R.; Raths, James; Wittrock, Merlin C. (2000). Anderson, Lorin W.; Krathwohl, David R., eds. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-8013-1903-7.
^ Krathwohl, David R. (2002). A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview. Theory Into Practice (Routledge) 41 (4): 212–218. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2. ISSN 0040-5841.

Bibliografia

Peter W. Airasian, Kathleen A. Cruikshank, Richard E. Mayer, Paul R. Pintrich, James Raths e Merlin C. Wittrock, A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, a cura di Lorin W. Anderson e David R. Krathwohl, Allyn and Bacon, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8013-1903-7.
B. S. Bloom, M. D. Engelhart, E. J. Furst, W. H. Hill e D. R. Krathwohl, Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals, Handbook I: Cognitive domain, New York, David McKay Company, 1956.
B. S. Bloom, Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy, in Kenneth J. Rehage, Lorin W. Anderson e Lauren A. Sosniak (a cura di), Bloom's taxonomy: A forty-year retrospective, Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, vol. 93, n. 2, Chicago, National Society for the Study of Education, 1994, ISSN 1744-7984 (WC · ACNP).
Donald R. Clark, Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains, su nwlink.com, 1999. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2014.
R. H. Dave, Developing and writing behavioral objectives, a cura di R. J. Armstrong, Tucson, Educational Innovators Press, 1975.
J. A. Fadul, Collective Learning: Applying distributed cognition for collective intelligence, in The International Journal of Learning, vol. 16, n. 4, 2009.
Anita J. Harrow, A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives, New York, David McKay Company, 1972.
D. R. Krathwohl, B. S. Bloom e B. B. Masia, Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals, Handbook II: the affective domain, New York, David McKay Company, 1964.
David R. Krathwohl, A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview, in Theory Into Practice, vol. 41, n. 4, Routledge, 2002, pp. 212–218, DOI:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2, ISSN 0040-5841 (WC · ACNP).
G. Kress e S. Selander, Multimodal design, learning and cultures of recognition, in Internet and Higher Education, vol. 15, n. 1, 2012, pp. 265–268, DOI:10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.12.003.
Richard W. Morshead, On Taxonomy of educational objectives Handbook II: Affective domain, in Studies in Philosophy and Education, vol. 4, n. 1, 1965, pp. 164–170, DOI:10.1007/bf00373956.
Donald Orlich, Robert Harder, Richard Callahan, Michael Trevisan e Abbie Brown, Teaching strategies: a guide to effective instruction, 7th, Houghton Mifflin, 2004, ISBN 978-0-618-29999-7.
The New London Group, A pedagogy of multiliteracies: designing social futures, Harvard Educational Review, 1996.
R. Paul, Critical thinking: what every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world, 3rd, Rohnert Park, California, Sonoma State University Press, 1993.
R. Paul e L. Elder, Critical and creative thinking, Dillon Beach, CA, The Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2004.
Harold G. Shane, Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981, in Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 62, n. 5, 1981, pp. 311–314.
Elizabeth J. Simpson, The classification of educational objectives: Psychomotor domain, in Illinois Journal of Home Economics, vol. 10, n. 4, 1966, pp. 110–144.
L. S. Vygotsky, Chapter 6: Interaction between learning and development, in Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1978, pp. 79–91.

Altri progetti

Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Tassonomia di Bloom

[1] Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.

[2] Orlich, Donald; Harder, Robert; Callahan, Richard; Trevisan, Michael; Brown, Abbie (2004). Teaching strategies: a guide to effective instruction (7th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-6182-9999-7.

[3] Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.

[4] Shane, Harold G. (1981). Significant writings that have influenced the curriculum: 1906-1981. Phi Delta Kappan 62 (5): 311–314

[5] Bloom, B. S. (1994). Reflections on the development and use of the taxonomy. In Rehage, Kenneth J.; Anderson, Lorin W.; Sosniak, Lauren A. Bloom's taxonomy: A forty-year retrospective. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education) 93 (2). ISSN 1744-7984

[6] Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company. "The idea for this classification system was formed at an informal meeting of college examiners attending the 1948 American Psychological Association Convention in Boston. At this meeting, interest was expressed in a theoretical framework which could be used to facilitate communication among examiners.

[7] Bloom, B. S.; Engelhart, M. D.; Furst, E. J.; Hill, W. H.; Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.

[8] Krathwohl, D. R.; Bloom, B. S.; Masia, B. B. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: the affective domain. New York: David McKay Company.

[9] Airasian, Peter W.; Cruikshank, Kathleen A.; Mayer, Richard E.; Pintrich, Paul R.; Raths, James; Wittrock, Merlin C. (2000). Anderson, Lorin W.; Krathwohl, David R., eds. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-8013-1903-7.

[10] Krathwohl, David R. (2002). A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview. Theory Into Practice (Routledge) 41 (4): 212–218. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2. ISSN 0040-5841.

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