Cingischam

Cingischam^[1] vel Cingis Chan^[2] (Mongolice Чингис Хаан / Čingis Chaan) (probabiliter^[3] 1162–1227), natus Borjigin Temüjin, fuit dux Mongolum Tartarorumque et conditor, rector (chanus), et imperator (caganus) Imperii Mongolici, quod ipso mortuo maximum orbis terrarum imperium continuum confine factum est.

Singulare imperium coniungendis multis Asiae Septentrio-Orientalis tribubus nomadicis adquisivit. Imperio Mongolico condito seque "Cingischam" declarato, inruptiones Mongolicas iussit, quae ad extremum ei victoriam plurimi Eurasiae dedit. Hae irruptiones vel incursus Chanatus Kara-Chitan, Caucasi, Imperii Chorasmidarum, et Sinarum domuum Xia Occidentalis ac Jin comprehenderunt. Haec bella saepe magnas hominum non militarium caedes complexa sunt, praecipue in Chorasmia. Antequam obitus est, Imperium Mongolicum maiorem Mediae Asiae Sinarumque partem occupaverat.

Propiore morte Cingischam Ugadaium novum rectorem creavit et in chanatus quattor inter filios suos divisit. Xia Occidentale victa, anno 1227 mortuus est. Loco sepulcri non noto in Mongolia sepultus est. Trans partem maiorem Eurasiae Imperium Mongolicum nepotes tetendere vincendis vel civitates vassallae creandis omnes Sinas, Coream, Caucasum, Asiam Mediam, partes magnas Europae Orientalis, Russiae, Asiae Austroccidentalis. Multae harum invasionum caedes magnas populorum victorum reposuere, quamobrem Cingischam et imperium eius in historiis horum populorum famam terribilem habet.

Extra gesta martialia, viis aliis Cingischam Imperium Mongolicum auxit. Post scriptionem Uiguricam scriptio Imperii Mongolici creari iussit. Meritocratia utebatur, tolerantiam religionum in Imperio Mongolico citat, gentibus nomadicis Asiae Boreorientalis ab eo conmissis. Hodie Mongoli eum patrem patriae Mongoliae aestimant.

Quamquam scitur ob expeditionum immanitatem et a multis dux genocidalis aestimatur, Cingischam sub re publica una Viam Sericam duxisse creditur. Quae res ex Asia Boreoccidentali in Austroccidentalem Asiam Islamicam ac Europam Christianam communicationem ac commercium tulit, sic omnium regionum trium fines augens.

Filii Chingisi a Borte quattuor fuerunt Zuzi et Zagatai et Ugadai et Tolui, a quibus Tschingisidarum^[4] domus magna orta est.

Notae

↑ Simon de Sancto Quintino, Historia Tartarorum (anno circiter 1247), ed. Jean Richard (Lutetiae 1965).
↑ Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon Universale (1698), lemma 'Tartari'; vel Schinguis Kan, — Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon Universale (1698), lemma 'Mogolia'; Zingis-Chanus, — Ioannes Laurentius Moshemius, Historia Tartarorum ecclesiastica, p. 39 et al.
↑ Rashid al-Din ait Chingischam annos 72 habuisse; ergo natus est anno 1155. En: autem ait: <<The Yuanshi (??, History of the Yuan dynasty, not to be confused with the era name of the Han Dynasty), records his year of birth as 1165. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the Altan Tobci, Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.>>
↑ C.M. Fraehn, De aliquot numis Kuficis... (in: Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, vol. 10), p. 266.

Bibliographia

Ratchnevsky, Paul. 1991, 1992. Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken]. Ed. & conv. Thomas Nivison Haining. Oxoniae et Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: B. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
Man, John. 2004. Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. Londinii: Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.

Bibliographia addita

Monumentum Hulunbuir in urbe situm.

Brent, Peter (1976). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy. Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 029777137X
Bretschneider, Emilii (1888, repr. 2001). Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia. Trübner's Oriental Series. Londinii: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd). ISBN 81-215-1003-1
Cable, Mildred; Francesca French (1943). The Gobi Desert. Londinii: Landsborough Publications
Charney, Israel W. (ed.) (1994). Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review. Novi Eboraci: Facts on File Publications
De Hartog, Leo (1988). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. Londinii: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
de Sancto Quintino, Simon. 1965. Historia Tartarorum (anno circiter 1247 scripta), ed. Jean Richard. Lutetiae.
Farale, Dominique (2002). De Gengis Khan à Qoubilaï Khan: la grande chevauchée mongole. Campagnes & stratégies. Lutetiae: Economica. ISBN 2-7178-4537-2
Farale, Dominique (2007). La Russie et les Turco-Mongols: 15 siècles de guerre. Lutetiae: Economica. ISBN 978-2-7178-5429-9
Genghis Khan. World Almanac Education Group. 2005 Via the Internet Archive's copy of the History Channel website.
Smitha, Frank E. "Genghis Khan and the Mongols". Macrohistory and World Report
Kahn, Paul (adaptor) (1998). Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves. Asian Culture Series. Bostoniae: Cheng & Tsui Co.. ISBN 0-88727-299-1
Kennedy, Hugh (2002). Mongols, Huns & Vikings. Londinii: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35292-6
Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire). Muscoviae: Vostochnaia literatura. ISBN 5-02-018521-3 (Summarium Anglicum)
Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). "Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire'". Ab Imperio 7 (1): 89–118
Lamb, Harold (1927). Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men. Novi Eboraci: R. M. McBride & company
Lister, R. P. (2000 [c1969]). Genghis Khan. Lanhamiae Terrae Mariae: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1052-2
Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. Londinii, Novi Eboraci: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05044-4
Man, John (1997, 1998, 1999). Gobi: Tracking the Desert. Londinii, Portu Novo: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press. ISBN 0-7538-0161-2
Martin, Henry Desmond (1950). The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press
May, Timothy (2001). "Mongol Arms". Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols. San Antonio College History Department
Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-17563-6
Saunders, J.J. (1972, reimpr. 2001). History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphiae: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812217667
Stevens, Keith. Formula:PDFlink Retrieved 22 Maii 2008.
Stewart, Stanley (2001). In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads. Londinii: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-653027-3
Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400. Oxoniae: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-523-6
Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801439655
Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (review). Novi Eboraci: Crown. ISBN 0-609-61062-7
Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols" ( – ^{Scholar search}). The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 717–721;

Fontes primi

Juvaynī, Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 (1997). Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā]. tr. John Andrew Boyle. Seattli: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97654-3
Rashid al-Din Tabib (1995). A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World Jami' al-Tawarikh. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII. Sheila S. Blair (ed.). Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-727627-X
Rashid al-Din Tabib (1971). The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh). UNESCO Collection of Representative Works: Persian heritage series. tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03351-6
The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi]. Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7. tr. Igor de Rachewiltz. Lugduni Batavorum, Bostoniae: Brill. 2004. ISBN 90-04-13159-0

[1] Simon de Sancto Quintino, Historia Tartarorum (anno circiter 1247), ed. Jean Richard (Lutetiae 1965).

[2] Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon Universale (1698), lemma 'Tartari'; vel Schinguis Kan, — Iohannes Iacobus Hofmannus, Lexicon Universale (1698), lemma 'Mogolia'; Zingis-Chanus, — Ioannes Laurentius Moshemius, Historia Tartarorum ecclesiastica, p. 39 et al.

[birth-3] Rashid al-Din ait Chingischam annos 72 habuisse; ergo natus est anno 1155. En: autem ait: <<The Yuanshi (??, History of the Yuan dynasty, not to be confused with the era name of the Han Dynasty), records his year of birth as 1165. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the Altan Tobci, Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.>>

[4] C.M. Fraehn, De aliquot numis Kuficis... (in: Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, vol. 10), p. 266.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]