Institutum Smithsonianum

Institutum Smithsonianum,^[1]^[2] ^[3]^[4] anno 1846 "ad scientiam augendam et divulgandam"^[5] conditum, est grex museorum et locorum investigationis a gubernatione Civitatum Foederatarum administratum. Primum nomen, Museum Nationale Civitatum Foederatarum ut entitas administrativa anno 1967 exsistere desivit.^[6] Cenaculum civitatis appellatum^[7] ob eius eclecticam 137 milliones rerum congeriem,^[8] nucleus undeviginti museorum, novem locorum investigationis, et horti zoologici—quorum multi sunt lapides terminales historiae vel architecturae—in quibus institutum consistit est maximus talis orbis terrarum complexus. Aedificia addita in Arizona, Terra Mariae, Urbe Novo Eboraco, Virginia, Panama, et aliter sitae sunt, et 168 alia musea sunt affiliata Smithsoniana.

Institutum 30 milliones salutatorum per annum accepit,^[9] omnibus gratis admissis; pecuniam a dotatione instituti, contributionibus privatis et corporatis, stipendiis sodalium, subsidiis gubernationis, et vectigalibus venditionum, concessionum, et copiarum generatur.^[8] Inter continuas instituti publicationes sunt Smithsonian et Air & Space magazinae.

Institutum conditum

Iacobus Smithson.

Iacobus Smithson, physicus Britannicus (mortuus 1829), plurimum suarum divitiarum Henrico Iacobo Hungerford, sororis filio, legavit; quo autem sine prole anno 1835 mortuo,^[10] fundus traditus est "Civitatibus Foederatis Americae, Vasingtoniae fundare, nomine Instituto Smithsoniano, constitutionem pro accretione et diffusione scientiae inter homines,"^[11] secundum testamentum Smithsonianum.^[12] Congressus legatum reipublicae oblatum rite accepit, et plenam fidem et auctoritatem Civitatum Foederatarum die 1 Iulii 1836 mandato benigno obligavit.^[13] Ricardus Rush, legatus Americanus, Angliam a Praeside Andrea Jackson ad colligendum legatum missus est; qui, cum 105 saccis 104 960 principes aureos (eo tempore circa $500 000 valentes) continentibus ad Civitates Foederatas mense Augusto 1838 rediit.^[14]^[15]

Vexillum Instituti Smithsoniani.

Pecunia in manibus habita, Congressus de interpretatione locutionis vagae "pro accretione et diffusione scientiae" octo annos altercabatur.^[13]^[15] Collocabatur autem argentum ab Aerario Civitatum Foederatarum in syngraphis ab Arcansia erogatis, civitate quae mox sua syngrapha deseruit. Post disceptationem calefactam, Ioannes Quintius Adams, legatus ex Massachusetta (et olim praeses reipublicae) Congressum suasit ut opes amissas cum faenore restitueret,^[16] et, contra desideria pecuniae pro aliis propositis, suos collegas suasit ut pecuniam pro instituto scientiae et eruditionis conservarent.^[17] Ad ultimum, die 10 Augusti 1846, Iacobus K. Polk Praeses legum datio subscripsit quae Institutum Smithsonianum constituit ut instrumentalitas fidei Civitatum Foederatarum, ut administraetur a collegio regentium et secretario instituti.^[13]

Loci et programmata investigationis

"Castellum" (1847), primum instituti aedificium et iam praesidium.

Aeroplana in Nationali Aeris et Spatii Museo exhibentur: Ford Trimotor et Douglas DC-3 (summa parte et infra).

Ostium "Castelli".

Hic habes indicem locorum investigationis, cum eorum museo affiliato in parenthesibus:

Archivum Artis Americanae
Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Museum Nationale Historiae Naturalis)
Center For Earth and Planetary Studies (Museum Aeris et Spatii)
Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
Statio Marina Smithsoniana Arcis Piercensis (Museum Nationale Historiae Naturalis)
Migratory Bird Center (Hortus Zoologicus Nationalis)
Museum Conservation Institute
Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory et consociatum Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (Hortus Zoologicus Nationalis)
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Smithsonian Institution Archives^[18]
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press
Smithsonian Latino Center^[19]
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

Ministri Instituti Smithsoniani

Iosephus Henry, 1846–1878
Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878–1887
Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1887–1906
Carolus Doolittle Walcott, 1907–1927
Carolus Greeley Abbot, 1928–1944
Alexander Wetmore, 1944–1952
Leonardus Carmichael, 1953–1964
Sidney Dillon Ripley, 1964–1984
Robertus McCormick Adams, Jr., 1984–1994
Ira Michael Heyman, 1994–1999
Laurentius M. Small, 2000–2007
G. Wayne Clough, 2008–2015
David J. Skorton, 2015–

Miscellanea

Asteroides 3773 Smithsonian, anno 1984 inventa, ex instituto appellatur.

Notae

↑ "Institutum Smithsonianum Washingtonense": Nova Acta Leopoldina 25(2).
↑ "Instituti Smithsoniani in America septentrionali": Konrad Eugen Franz Rosshirt, De Studiis Juris Civilis et Canonici in Germaniae Universitatibus Medii Aevi (1890).
↑ "Institutum Smithsonianum (Washingtonii situm)": Schola Linguae Latinae, 29 Ianuarii 2013.
↑ Fortasse etiam Institutio Smithsoniana (Anglice Smithsonian Institution).
↑ Anglice: "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."
↑ Historia Smithsoniana (National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution).
↑ Michael Kernan. 1997. "A Real Nation's Attic," Smithsonian Magazine, Novembri.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 About the Smithsonian, www.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution).
↑ "Visitor Statistics," newsdesk.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution), 31 Maii 2013.
↑ George Brown Goode, The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896: The History of Its First Half Century (Vasingtoniae: De Vinne Press, 1897), 25.
↑ Anglice: "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men."
↑ "James Smithson - Founder of the Smithsonian, Last Will and Testament," Smithsonian Scrapbook: Letters, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Archives (Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution).
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "Founding of the Smithsonian Institution," in Fact Sheets, Smithsonian Newsdesk (Smithsonian Institution).
↑ Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, 323–324, 330, 409.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Carole Ottesen, A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens (Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Books, 2011, ISBN 978-1-58834-300-0), 13.
↑ "Smithsonian Information Brochure," Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, Maio 2009.
↑ Paul Nagel, "John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life" (Harvard University Press, 1999), 348.
↑ Marguerite Roby, "Smithsonian Institution Archives," siarchives.si.edu.
↑ "Smithsonian Latino Center," latino.si.edu, 16 Martii 2009.

Bibliographia

Burleigh, Nina. 2003. Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America's Greatest Museum: The Smithsonian. Novi Eboraci: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060002417.
Ewing, Heather. 2007. The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780747576532, ISBN 074757653X.
House of Representatives, United States Congress. 2013. Collections Stewardship at the Smithsonian: Hearing before the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session. Vasingtoniae: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Walker, William S. 2013. A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian and the Transformation of the Universal Museum. Amherst Massachusettae: University of Massachusetts Press.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Institutum Smithsonianum spectant.

Vide Institutum Smithsonianum apud Vicifontem.

Educatio Smithsoniana, www.smithsonianeducation.org (Smithsonian Institution)
Historia brevis Musei Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum, www.mnh.si.edu (Museum Historiae Naturalis)
Situs proprius, www.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution)
Smithsonianum Ferum, siwild.si.edu (Smithsonian Wild)
Tabula locorum in museo, www.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution)

[1] "Institutum Smithsonianum Washingtonense": Nova Acta Leopoldina 25(2).

[2] "Instituti Smithsoniani in America septentrionali": Konrad Eugen Franz Rosshirt, De Studiis Juris Civilis et Canonici in Germaniae Universitatibus Medii Aevi (1890).

[3] "Institutum Smithsonianum (Washingtonii situm)": Schola Linguae Latinae, 29 Ianuarii 2013.

[4] Fortasse etiam Institutio Smithsoniana (Anglice Smithsonian Institution).

[5] Anglice: "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge."

[6] Historia Smithsoniana (National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution).

[7] Michael Kernan. 1997. "A Real Nation's Attic," Smithsonian Magazine, Novembri.

[about_SI-8] 8.0 ^8.1 About the Smithsonian, www.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution).

[9] "Visitor Statistics," newsdesk.si.edu (Smithsonian Institution), 31 Maii 2013.

[nephewdead-10] George Brown Goode, The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896: The History of Its First Half Century (Vasingtoniae: De Vinne Press, 1897), 25.

[11] Anglice: "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men."

[will-12] "James Smithson - Founder of the Smithsonian, Last Will and Testament," Smithsonian Scrapbook: Letters, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Archives (Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution).

[foundingfactsheet-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "Founding of the Smithsonian Institution," in Fact Sheets, Smithsonian Newsdesk (Smithsonian Institution).

[14] Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, 323–324, 330, 409.

[gardens-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Carole Ottesen, A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens (Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Books, 2011, ISBN 978-1-58834-300-0), 13.

[16] "Smithsonian Information Brochure," Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, Maio 2009.

[17] Paul Nagel, "John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life" (Harvard University Press, 1999), 348.

[18] Marguerite Roby, "Smithsonian Institution Archives," siarchives.si.edu.

[19] "Smithsonian Latino Center," latino.si.edu, 16 Martii 2009.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]