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New Perspective Application and Hazards of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment

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Advanced Functional Nanoparticles "Boon or Bane" for Environment Remediation Applications

Part of the book series: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management ((ENCRMA))

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Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) are known to have at least one dimension between about 1 and 100 nm. These nanomaterials can be categorized into nanoparticles (NPs), nanoplates, and nanofibers. In the last few decades, nanomaterial has got attention due to their wide applications in various sectors (such as environmental, pharmaceutical, personal care products, disease diagnosis, and treatment) based on their physicochemical properties. However, there are more concerns among environmentalists and scientists about the release of nanoparticles into the environment through different sources, which can cause environmental problems, human health hazard, and ecotoxicological issues. Aquatic biota is predominantly affected by the pollution caused by NPs. The fate, transport, and toxicity of NPs in aquatic ecosystem are affected by the transformation, which is dependent upon the initial NM properties, and its surrounding chemical and biological environment. Numerous research investigations have explored different types of NPs and their properties, applications, and hazards, but only a few have focused on the effect of NPs on aquatic ecosystem. In this chapter, ecotoxicological effects of NPs on aquatic ecosystem have been discussed based on the physiochemical properties by exploiting the latest research reports and future directions are highlighted.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India

    Renuka Choudhary & Sunil Kumar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India

    Pooja Sethi

Authors
  1. Renuka Choudhary
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  2. Sunil Kumar
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  3. Pooja Sethi
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India

    Raman Kumar

  2. Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Rajeev Kumar

  3. Department of Chemistry and Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Savita Chaudhary

Appendices

Questions

  1. 1.

    What type of nanoparticles are 100 times stronger than steel and can be used for the structural reinforcement?

    1. A.

      Carbon-based nanoparticles.

    2. B.

      Semiconductor nanoparticles.

    3. C.

      Ceramic nanoparticles.

    4. D.

      None of the above.

  2. 2.

    How elevated temperature affects the aggregation property in relevance to toxicity of nanoparticles?

  3. 3.

    How does size and surface area affect the toxicity of nanoparticles?

  4. 4.

    What are the different categories of environmental applications of nanoparticles?

  5. 5.

    What are the different sources of nanoparticles release into the environment?

  6. 6.

    What is transformation of nanoparticles? What are the different forms of nanoparticle transformation occurring in natural systems?

  7. 7.

    What are the ecotoxicological effects of NPs on phytoplankton, which are the primary producers of aquatic food web.

Answers

  1. 1.

    (A) Carbon-based nanoparticles

  2. 2.

    With increase in temperature, smaller aggregates will be formed, which further increases toxicity of nanoparticles.

  3. 3.

    Size affects the toxicity of NPs as it leads to change in surface area. As the size of the material decreases, the surface area increases exponentially, which enhances the reactivity of nanoparticle surface. For example, with decrease in size of copper nanoparticles, the oral toxicity also increases.

  4. 4.

    Three categories:

    1. A.

      Environmentally benign and/or sustainable products (e.g., green chemistry or pollution prevention).

    2. B.

      Remediation of materials contaminated with hazardous substances.

    3. C.

      Sensors for environmental agents.

  5. 5.

    There are three main sources, which include: incidental, engineered, and naturally released nanoparticles.

  6. 6.

    The process of converting the nanoparticles into different reactive forms has potential impacts on their behavior, and effects in the environment are called as transformation of nanoparticles. The chemical, physical, and biological were different forms of nanoparticle transformation occurring in natural systems.

  7. 7.

    NPs affect the phytoplankton in numerous ways, such as the growth rate of phytoplankton gets suppressed by NPs. They also decline the equilibrium densities of phytoplankton as well as zooplankton, as the contact with NPs and phytoplankton increases. Photosynthetic efficiency of them was also reduced by the toxicity of NPs.

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Choudhary, R., Kumar, S., Sethi, P. (2023). New Perspective Application and Hazards of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment. In: Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Chaudhary, S. (eds) Advanced Functional Nanoparticles "Boon or Bane" for Environment Remediation Applications. Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24416-2_10

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