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Dynamic and fast processing of queries on large-scale RDF data

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Abstract

As RDF data continue to gain popularity, we witness the fast growing trend of RDF datasets in both the number of RDF repositories and the size of RDF datasets. Many known RDF datasets contain billions of RDF triples (subject, predicate and object). One of the grant challenges for managing these huge RDF data is how to execute RDF queries efficiently. In this paper, we address the query processing problems against the billion triple challenges. We first identify some causes for the problems of existing query optimization schemes, such as large intermediate results, initial query cost estimation errors. Then, we present our block-oriented dynamic query plan generation approach powered with pipelining execution. Our approach consists of two phases. In the first phase, a near-optimal execution plan for queries is chosen by identifying the processing blocks of queries. We group the join patterns sharing a join variable into building blocks of the query plan since executing them first provides opportunities to reduce the size of intermediate results generated. In the second phase, we further optimize the initial pipelining for a given query plan. We employ optimization techniques, such as sideways information passing and semi-join, to further reduce the size of intermediate results, improve the query processing cost estimation and speed up the performance of query execution. Experimental results on several RDF datasets of over a billion triples demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing RDF query engines that rely on dynamic programming based static query processing strategies.

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Acknowledgments

The research is supported by National Science Foundation of China (61073096) and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) under Grant No. 2012AA011003. Ling Liu acknowledges the partial support of her research from Grants of NSF CISE NetSE program, SaTC program and I/UCRC Fundamental Research Program as well as Intel ISTC on Cloud Computing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Pingpeng Yuan, Changfeng Xie, Hai Jin, Guang Yang & Xuanhua Shi

  2. Distributed Data Intensive Systems Laboratory, School of Computer Science, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Ling Liu

Authors
  1. Pingpeng Yuan
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  2. Changfeng Xie
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  3. Hai Jin
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  4. Ling Liu
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  5. Guang Yang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pingpeng Yuan.

Appendices

LUBM queries

  • PREFIX rdf: \(<\)http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\(>\)

  • PREFIX ub: \(<\)http://www.lehigh.edu/\(\sim \)zhp2/2004/0401/univ-bench.owl#\(>\)

Q1: :

SELECT ?x ?y ?z WHERE { ?y ub:teacherOf ?z . ?y rdf:type ub:Assistant-Professor . ?z rdf:type ub:Course . ?x ub:takesCourse ?z . ?x rdf:type ub:GraduateStudent . ?x ub:advisor ?y . }

Q2: :

SELECT ?x ?y ?z WHERE { ?x rdf:type ub:AssistantProfessor . ?y rdf:type ub:Department . ?x ub:worksFor ?y . ?z rdf:type ub:UndergraduateStudent . ?z ub:memberOf ?y . ?z ub:advisor ?x . }

Q3: :

SELECT ?x ?y WHERE { ?x rdf:type ub:AssistantProfessor . ?x ub:worksFor ?y . [] ub:memberOf ?y . ?y rdf:type ub:Department . }

Q4: :

SELECT ?x ?y WHERE { ?x rdf:type ub:FullProfessor . ?y rdf:type ub:UndergraduateStudent . ?y ub:advisor ?x . ?x ub:worksFor [] . }

Q5: :

SELECT ?x ?y ?z WHERE { ?z ub:subOrganizationOf ?y . ?y rdf:type ub:University . ?z rdf:type ub:Department . ?x ub:memberOf ?z . ?x rdf:type ub:GraduateStudent . ?x ub:undergraduateDegreeFrom ?y . }

Q6: :

SELECT ?x ?y ?z WHERE { ?y ub:teacherOf ?z . ?y rdf:type ub:FullProfessor . ?z rdf:type ub:Course . ?x ub:takesCourse ?z . ?x rdf:type ub:UndergraduateStudent . ?x ub:advisor ?y . }

Q7: :

SELECT ?x ?y WHERE { ?x rdf:type ub:GraduateStudent . ?x ub:takesCourse [] . ?y rdf:type ub:AssistantProfessor . ?x ub:advisor ?y . }

UniProt queries

Q1: :

SELECT ?protein ?annotation WHERE { ?protein uni:annotation ?annotation . ?protein rdf:type uni:Protein . ?protein uni:organism [] . ?annotation rdf:type [] . ?annotation uni:range ?range . }

Q2: :

SELECT ?protein ?annotation WHERE { ?protein uni:annotation ?annotation . ?protein rdf:type uni:Protein . ?protein uni:organism taxon:9606 . ?annotation rdf:type ?type . ?annotation rdfs:comment [] . }

Q3: :

SELECT ?protein ?annotation WHERE { ?protein uni:annotation ?annotation . ?protein rdf:type uni:Protein . ?annotation rdf:type \(<\) http://purl.uniprot.org/core/Transmembrane_An-notation \(>\) . }

Q4: :

SELECT ?b ?ab WHERE { ?b rdf:type uni:Protein . ?a uni:replaces ?ab . ?ab uni:replacedBy ?b . }

Q5: :

SELECT ?protein ?annotation WHERE { ?protein uni:annotation ?annotation . ?protein rdf:type uni:Protein . ?protein uni:organism taxon:9606 . ?annotation rdf:type \(<\) http://purl.uni-prot.org/core/Disease_Annotation \(>\) . ?protein uni:modified “2008-07-22” . }

Q6: :

SELECT ?a ?vo WHERE { ?a rdfs:seeAlso ?vo . ?a uni:classifiedWith \(<\) http://purl.uniprot.org/keywords/67 \(>\) . ?b uni:annotation ?annotation . ?b rdf:type uni:Protein . ?a uni:replaces ?ab . ?ab uni:replacedBy ?b . }

Q7: :

SELECT ?annotation ?a WHERE { ?annotation rdf:type \(<\) http://purl.uniprot.org/core/-Transmembrane_Annotation \(>\) . ?annotation uni:range ?range . ?annotation rdfs:comment ?text . ?a rdfs:seeAlso ?vo. ?a uni:classifiedWith \(<\) http://purl.uniprot.org/keywords/67 \(>\) . ?a uni:annotation ?annotation . }

BTC 2012 queries

Q1: :

SELECT distinct ?a ?b WHERE { ?a dbpedia:spouse ?b . ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/-22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?b \(<\) http://www.w3.org/-1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . }

Q2: :

SELECT ?a ?l WHERE { ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?a dbpedia:deathPlace ?l . ?l pos:lat ?lat . }

Q3: :

SELECT ?p ?l WHERE { ?p dbpedia:name [] . ?p dbpedia:deathPlace ?l . ?p dbpedia:spouse ?c . ?p \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/-ontology/Person \(>\) . ?l pos:long ?long . }

Q4: :

SELECT ?a ?b WHERE { ?a dbpedia:-spouse ?b . ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?b \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?c owl:sameAs ?c2 . ?c2 pos:long [] . ?a dbpedia:deathPlace ?c . }

Q5: :

SELECT distinct ?a ?c ?c2 WHERE { ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?a dbpedia:placeOfBirth ?c . ?c owl:sameAs ?c2 . ?c2 pos:lat ?lat . ?c2 pos:long “-4.256901” . }

Q6: :

SELECT distinct ?a ?b ?c WHERE { ?a dbpedia:spouse ?b . ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) [] . ?a dbpedia:placeOfBirth ?c . ?b dbpedia:placeOfBirth ?c . ?c owl:sameAs ?c2 . ?c dbpedia:name ?d . }

Q7: :

SELECT distinct ?a ?b ?lat ?long WHERE { ?a dbpedia:spouse ?b . ?a \(<\) http://www.w3.org/-1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?b \(<\) http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type \(>\) \(<\) http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Person \(>\) . ?a dbpedia:place-OfBirth ?c . ?b dbpedia:placeOfBirth ?c . ?c owl:sameAs ?c2 . ?c2 pos:lat ?lat . ?c2 pos:long ?long . }

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Yuan, P., Xie, C., Jin, H. et al. Dynamic and fast processing of queries on large-scale RDF data. Knowl Inf Syst 41, 311–334 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-013-0726-7

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