ക്രോകസ്

ക്രോകസ്
	Crocus sativus
ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണം
കിങ്ഡം:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Genus:	Crocus
Type species
	Crocus sativus; L.
Synonyms
	Safran Medik.; Geanthus Raf.; Crociris Schur;

ഭൂകാണ്ഡത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വളരുന്ന ഐറിസ് കുടുംബത്തിലെ 90 ഇനം വാർഷികസസ്യങ്ങളിലെ പൂക്കുന്ന സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ഒരു ജനുസ്സാണ് ക്രോകസ്. ശൈത്യകാലത്തും ശരത്‌കാലത്തും വസന്തകാലത്തും പൂക്കൾ ധാരാളം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. ക്രോക്കസ് സാറ്റിവസ് സ്പീഷീസിലെ ശരത്കാല പൂക്കളിൽ നിന്നുമുള്ള തന്തുകത്തിൽ നിന്നും സുഗന്ധദ്രവ്യമായ കുങ്കുമം ലഭിക്കുന്നു. ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ ആൽപൈൻ തുണ്ട്രയിലെ സമുദ്രനിരപ്പിൽ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന വനപ്രദേശങ്ങൾ, കുറ്റിക്കാടുകൾ, പുൽമേടുകൾ എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ തദ്ദേശീയമായും മിഡിൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്, മധ്യ, തെക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ്, പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് ഗ്രീസ്,^[2] ക്രൊക്കോസ്, എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിലെ ഈജിയൻ ദ്വീപുകളിലും മധ്യേഷ്യയിൽ പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചൈനയിലെ സിൻജിയാങ്ങ് പ്രവിശ്യയിലും കാണപ്പെടുന്നു.^[1]^[3]^[4]

ചിത്രശാല

ക്രോക്കസ് സാറ്റിവസ് & സി. വെർനസ്, 1891-ൽ അറ്റ്ലസ് ഡെസ് പ്ലാന്റസ് ഡി ഫ്രാൻസിൽ നിന്നുള്ള അമാഡി മാസ്ക്ലെഫിന്റെ ചിത്രീകരണം
ഈജിയൻ കടലിലെ സാന്റോറിനി ദ്വീപിലെ മിനോവാൻ ഫ്രെസ്കോസിൽ കുങ്കുമം ശേഖരിക്കുന്നവർ.
Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers, by Ambrosius Bosschaert, circa 1620 (Louvre Museum)
Crocus angustifolius (Cloth of gold) from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1803

സ്പീഷീസ്

Crocus tommasinianus (Section Crocus, Series Verni)

Crocus vernus subsp. vernus (Section Crocus, Series Verni)

Crocus vernus subsp. albiflorus (Section Crocus, Series Verni)

Crocus ligusticus (Section Crocus, Series Longiflori)

Crocus ochroleucus (Section Crocus, Series Kotschyani)

Crocus sativus (Section Crocus, Series Crocus)

Crocus mathewii (Section Crocus, Series Crocus)

Crocus sieberi subsp. sublimis 'Tricolor' (Section Nudiscapus, Series Reticulati)

Crocus speciosus (Section Nudiscapus, Series Speciosi)

മേൽപ്പറഞ്ഞ കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾക്ക് അനുസൃതമായി 1982 ൽ ബ്രയാൻ മാത്യു നിർദ്ദേശിച്ച വർഗ്ഗീകരണം ചുവടെ:

A. Section Crocus : species with a basal prophyll

Series Verni: corms with reticulated fibers, spring-flowering (apart from Crocus longiflorus), flowers for the most part without conspicuous outer striping, bracts absent

Crocus etruscus Parl.
Crocus ilvensis Peruzzi & Carta^[5]
Crocus kosaninii Pulevic
Crocus longiflorus Raf. – Italian crocus (formerly in Series Longiflori)^[6]
Crocus tommasinianus Herb. – Woodland crocus, Tommasini's crocus
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill – Spring crocus, Dutch crocus
- Crocus vernus subsp. albiflorus (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.
- Crocus vernus subsp. vernus

Series Baytopi (new Series): corms with strongly reticulated fibers; leaves numerous, narrowly linear; spring-flowering, bracts absent; anthers extrorsely dehiscent^[6]

Crocus baytopiorum Mathew (formerly in Series Verni)^[6]

Series Scardici: spring-flowering, leaves have no pale stripe on the upper surface

Crocus pelistericus Pulevic
Crocus scardicus Kos.

Series Versicolores: spring-flowering, corms with tunics, which for the most part have parallel fibers, flowers with conspicuous exterior striping

Crocus cambessedesii J. Gay
Crocus versicolor Ker Gawl. – cloth-of-silver crocus
Crocus corsicus Vanucchi ex Maw
Crocus imperati Ten.
- Crocus imperati subsp. imperati
- Crocus imperati subsp. suaveolens (Bertol.) B.Mathew
Crocus minimus DC.

Series Longiflori: autumn-flowering, yellow anthers, styles much divided

Crocus goulimyi Turrill (see also Constantine Goulimis)
Crocus ligusticus M.G. Mariotti (Syn. Crocus medius Balb.)
Crocus niveus Bowles
Crocus nudiflorus Smith.
Crocus serotinus Salisb. – late crocus
- Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
- Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
- Crocus serotinus subsp. serotinus

Series Kotschyani: autumn-flowering, anthers white, styles for the most part three-forked

Crocus autranii Albov.
Crocus gilanicus B. Matthew (discovered in 1973 and named after Gilan province in Iran where it was first found)
Crocus karduchorum Kotschy ex Maw
Crocus kotschyanus K. Koch – Kotschy's crocus (syn. C. zonatus)
- Crocus kotschyanus subsp. cappadocicus B.Mathew
- Crocus kotschyanus subsp. hakkariensis B.Mathew
- Crocus kotschyanus subsp. kotschyanus
- Crocus kotschyanus subsp. suworowianus (K.Koch) B.Mathew
Crocus ochroleucus Boiss. & Gaill.
Crocus scharojanii Ruprecht
- Crocus scharojanii subsp. scharojanii
- Crocus scharojanii subsp. lazicus (Boiss.) B.Mathew
Crocus vallicola Herb.

Series Crocus: autumn-flowering, anthers yellow, style distinctly three-branched

Crocus asumaniae B. Mathew & T. Baytop
Crocus cartwrightianus Herb.
- Crocus sativus L. – saffron crocus (a sterile triploid mutant or hybrid), presumably derived from Crocus cartwrightianus
Crocus hadriaticus Herb.
- Crocus hadriaticus subsp. hadriaticus
- Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnassicus (B.Mathew) B.Mathew
- Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnonicus B.Mathew
Crocus moabiticus Bornm. & Dinsmore ex Bornm.
Crocus mathewii H. Kemdorff & E. Pasche (1994)
Crocus naqabensis Al-Eisawi (2001)
Crocus oreocreticus B.L. Burtt
Crocus pallasii Goldb.
- Crocus pallasii subsp. dispathaceus (Bowles) B.Mathew
- Crocus pallasii subsp. haussknechtii (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew
- Crocus pallasii subsp. pallasii
- Crocus pallasii subsp. turcicus B.Mathew
Crocus thomasii Ten.

Position unclear^[6]

Crocus malyi Vis. (formerly in Series Versicolores)
Crocus banaticus Heuff. (formerly in obsolete Subgenus Crociris)

B. Section Nudiscapus: species without a basal prophyll

Series Reticulati: corm tunic for the most part decidedly covered with reticulated fibers, flower produced in winter or spring, style three-forked or much divided

Crocus abantensis T.Baytop & B.Mathew
Crocus ancyrensis (Herb.) Maw – Ankara crocus
Crocus angustifolius Weston – cloth-of-gold crocus
Crocus cancellatus Herb.
- Crocus cancellatus subsp. cancellatus
- Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus (Herb.) B.Mathew
- Crocus cancellatus subsp. lycius B.Mathew
- Crocus cancellatus subsp. mazziaricus (Herb.) B.Mathew
- Crocus cancellatus subsp. pamphylicus B.Mathew
Crocus cvijicii Kos.
Crocus dalmaticus Vis.
Crocus gargaricus Herb.
Crocus herbertii B. Mathew (became a "true" species)^[6]
Crocus hermoneus Kotschy ex Maw
Crocus jablanicensis N. Randj. & V. Randj.
Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adams
- Crocus reticulatus subsp. hittiticus (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew
- Crocus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus
Crocus robertianus C.D. Brickell
Crocus rujanensis Randjel. & D.A. Hill (1990)
Crocus sieberi J. Gay – Sieber's crocus, Cretan crocus
- Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus (Boiss. & Orph.) B.Mathew
- Crocus sieberi subsp. nivalis (Bory & Chaub.) B.Mathew
- Crocus sieberi subsp. sieberi
- Crocus sieberi subsp. sublimis (Herb.) B.Mathew
Crocus sieheanus Barr ex B.L. Burtt
Crocus veluchensis Herb.

Series Biflori: tunics of corms split into rings at the base, either entire or with toothlike projections, leathery in texture, spring- or late-winter flowering, style three-forked

Crocus aerius Herb.
Crocus almehensis C.D. Brickell & B. Mathew
Crocus biflorus Mill. – silvery crocus, Scotch crocus
- Crocus biflorus subsp. biflorus
- Crocus biflorus subsp. adamii (J.Gay) K.Richt.
- Crocus biflorus subsp. alexandri (Nicic ex Velen.) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. artvinensis (J.Philippow) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. atrospermus Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. caelestis Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. caricus Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. crewei (Hook.f.) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. fibroannulatus Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. ionopharynx Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. isauricus (Siehe ex Bowles) B.Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. leucostylosus Kernd. & Pasche
- Crocus biflorus subsp. melantherus B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. nubigena (Herb.) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. pseudonubigena B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. pulchricolor (Herb.) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. punctatus B.Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. stridii (Papan. & Zacharof) B.Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. tauri (Maw) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. weldenii (Hoppe & Fuernr.) B. Mathew
- Crocus biflorus subsp. yataganensis Kernd. & Pasche
Crocus chrysanthus Herb. – Golden crocus, Snow crocus
- Crocus chrysanthus subsp. chrysanthus
- Crocus chrysanthus subsp. multifolius Papan. & Zacharof
Crocus cyprius Boiss. & Kotschy
Crocus danfordiae Maw
- Crocus danfordiae subsp. danfordiae
- Crocus danfordiae subsp. kurdistanicus Maroofi & Assadi
Crocus hartmannianus Holmboe
Crocus kerndorffiorum Pasche (1993)
Crocus leichtlinii (Dewar) Bowles
Crocus nerimaniae Yüzbasioglu & Varol (2004)
Crocus pestalozzae Boiss.
Crocus wattiorum (B. Mathew, 1995) B. Mathew (2000)
Crocus demirizianus O.Erol & L.Can (2012)
Crocus yakarianus Yıldırım & O.Erol (2013)

Series Speciosi: corm tunic splits into rings at the base, leathery or membranous, foliage after the flowers, autumn-flowering, style much divided

Crocus pulchellus Herb. – hairy crocus
Crocus speciosus M. Bieb. – Bieberstein's crocus, large purple crocus
- Crocus speciosus subsp. ilgazensis B.Mathew
- Crocus speciosus subsp. speciosus
- Crocus speciosus subsp. xantholaimos B.Mathew

Series Orientales: corm with parallel fibers or lightly reticulated, numerous leaves, spring-flowering, style three-forked

Crocus alatavicus Semenova & Reg.
Crocus caspius Fischer & Meyer (formerly in Series Biflori)
Crocus korolkowii Regel ex Maw – celandine crocus
Crocus michelsonii B. Fedtsch.

Series Flavi: tunics of the corms membranous, split into parallel fibers, spring-flowering, styles much divided

Crocus adanensis T. Baytop & B. Mathew (formerly in Series Biflori)
Crocus antalyensis Mathew
- Crocus antalyensis subsp. antalyensis
- Crocus antalyensis subsp. striatus O.Erol & M.Koçyiğit (2010)
- Crocus antalyensis subsp. gemicii L.Sik & O.Erol (2011)
Crocus candidus E.D. Clarke
Crocus flavus Weston – Yellow crocus
- Crocus flavus subsp. flavus
- Crocus flavus subsp. dissectus T.Baytop & B.Mathew
- Crocus flavus subsp. sarichinarensis Rukšans
Crocus graveolens Boiss. &Reut.
Crocus hyemalis Boiss.
Crocus olivieri Gray
- Crocus olivieri subsp. olivieri – Balkan and Turkey
- Crocus olivieri subsp. balansae (J.Gay ex Baker) B. Mathew – endemic round İzmir, West-Turkey
- Crocus olivieri subsp. istanbulensis B. Mathew, Istanbul, Turkey.
Crocus paschei H. Kerndorff
Crocus vitellinus Wahl.

Series Aleppici: tunics of the corms membranous, with split, parallel fibers, foliage produced at the same time as the flowers, fall- or winter-flowering

Crocus aleppicus Baker
Crocus boulosii Greuter
Crocus veneris Tappein ex Poech

Series Carpetani: undersurface of the leaves rounded with grooves, upper surface channeled, spring-flowering, style whitish, obscurely divided

Crocus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut.
Crocus nevadensis Amo & Campo

Series Intertexti: corm tunic fibrous with fibers interwoven, spring-flowering

Crocus fleischeri J.Gay.

Series Laevigatae: corm tunic membranous or splitting into parallel fibers, sometimes leathery, foliage produced at the same time as flowers, autumn-flowering, anthers white, style much divided

Crocus boryi J.Gay
Crocus laevigatus Bory & Chaub.
Crocus tournefortii J.Gay.

Crocus alatavicus
Crocus aleppicus
Crocus ancyrensis
Crocus banaticus
Crocus biflorus
Crocus cancellatus
Crocus carpetanus
Crocus cartwrightianus 'Albus'
Crocus caspius
Crocus chrysanthus
'Zwanenburg Bronze'
Crocus corsicus
Crocus etruscus 'Zwanenburg'
Crocus flavus
Crocus goulimyi
Crocus graveolens
Crocus hyemalis
Crocus imperati 'De Jager'
Crocus kotschyanus
Crocus laevigatus 'Fontenayi'
Crocus longiflorus
Crocus malyi
Crocus minimus
Crocus nevadensis
Crocus nudiflorus
Crocus olivieri
Crocus pallasii
Crocus pulchellus
Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii
Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii
Crocus scharojanii
Crocus tournefortii
Crocus versicolor

ശരത്കാല ക്രോക്കസ്

Some species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, often before their leaves appear. They should not be confused with a different genus of autumn-flowering plants, Colchicum. Autumn-flowering species of crocus include:

C. banaticus (syn. C. iridiflorus)
C. cancellatus
C. goulimyi
C. hadriaticus
C. kotschyanus (syn. C. zonatus)

C. laevigatus
C. ligusticus (syn. C. medius )
C. niveus
C. nudiflorus
C. ochroleucus

C. pulchellus
C. sativus (saffron crocus)
C. serotinus
C. speciosus
C. tournefortii

C. laevigatus has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

field of flowering purple crocuses
Crocus 'E.A. Bowles',
a C. chrysanthus hybrid
Crocus cultivars
C. sieberi corms, showing the net-like papery outer covering
Purple crocuses with closed flowers
Crocuses appearing through the snow

അവലംബം

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Archived from the original on 2013-06-12. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
↑ BISHOP, Stephen (2018-04-26). "Krokos Kozanis PDO - European Commission - European Commission". European Commission - European Commission (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Retrieved 2018-11-16.
↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Crocus includes photos plus European distribution maps
↑ Innes, C. (1985). The World of Iridaceae: 1–407. Holly Gare International Ltd., Ashington
↑ Peruzzi Lorenzo, Carta Angelino. 2011 "Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)", Nordic Journal of Botany, 29(1): 6–13. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01023.x
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ <ref> ടാഗ്; PlantsmanMarch09 എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല.

Bibliography

E.A. Bowles, A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Martin Hopkinson 1924
Brian Mathew, Christopher Grey-Wilson, Bulbs, (ill. Marjorie Blamey), Collins, 1981
Brian Mathew, Crocus: A Revision of the Genus Crocus, Timber Press, 1983. ISBN 0-917304-23-3
Brian Mathew, Flowering Bulbs for the Garden, Collingridge/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1987. ISBN 0-600-35175-0
Novica Randjelovic, David A. Hill, Vladimir Randjelovic, 'The Genus Crocus L. in Serbia'. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 1990 (in English)
Maw, George. A Monograph of the Genus Crocus. London, Dulau and Co., 1886
Rix, Alison. "George Maw, Joseph Hooker and the genus Crocus", Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 25 Issue 2, Pages 176–187, 2008 Archived 2012-10-12 at Archive.is doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2008.00616.x
The Pleasures of Crocus, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture 1996
Walters, S. M., et al., editor, The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 1984

ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ

Crocus photos of International Bulb Society Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Crocus photos of Pacific Bulb Society
Sorting Crocus Names
E A Bowles Society Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.
The Alpine House – Crocus Group Archived 2009-02-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Todd Boland. Crocus to Brighten the Spring Garden. Dave's Garden, September 28, 2013
The Alpine Garden: Crocus

[w-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Archived from the original on 2013-06-12. Retrieved 2018-08-22.

[2] BISHOP, Stephen (2018-04-26). "Krokos Kozanis PDO - European Commission - European Commission". European Commission - European Commission (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[x-3] Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Crocus includes photos plus European distribution maps

[y-4] Innes, C. (1985). The World of Iridaceae: 1–407. Holly Gare International Ltd., Ashington

[5] Peruzzi Lorenzo, Carta Angelino. 2011 "Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)", Nordic Journal of Botany, 29(1): 6–13. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01023.x

[PlantsmanMarch09-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ <ref> ടാഗ്; PlantsmanMarch09 എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

ക്രോകസ്

Crocus sativus
ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണം
കിങ്ഡം:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Iridaceae
Genus:	Crocus
Type species
Crocus sativus L.
Synonyms^[1]
Safran Medik. Geanthus Raf. Crociris Schur