Neurosains

Neurosains (atau neurobiologi) adalah kajian ilmiah berkaitan sistem saraf^[1] dan sebahagian daripada disiplin cabang biologi,^[2] yang menggabungkan fisiologi, anatomi, biologi molekular, biologi perkembangan, sitologi, matematik model dan psikologi untuk memahami prinsip asas dan kewujudan sifat neuron serta rangkaian neural.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] pemahaman asas kognitif biologi, memori, tingkah laku, persepsi dan kesedaran telah digambarkan oleh Eric Kandel sebagai "cabaran utama" sains biologi.^[8]

Lukisan neuron oleh Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) pada otak kecil merpati

Skop ilmu saraf telah meluaskan lebih masa untuk termasuk pendekatan yang berbeza digunakan untuk belajar sistem saraf pada skala yang berbeza dan teknik yang digunakan oleh ahli saraf telah berkembang pesat, dari molekul dan selular kajian neuron individu untuk pengimejan sensorik dan motorik tugas dalam otak. Ilmu saraf juga telah menimbulkan seperti yang lain bidang seperti yang neuroeducation,^[9] neuroethics, dan neurolaw.

Sebagai hasil dari peningkatan jumlah ilmuwan yang mempelajari sistem saraf, beberapa menonjol ilmu saraf organisasi telah dibentuk untuk menyediakan forum untuk semua ahli saraf dan pendidik. Sebagai contoh, Antarabangsa Otak Penyelidikan Organisasi didirikan pada tahun 1960,^[10] the International Society for Neurochemistry pada tahun 1963,^[11] yang Eropah Otak dan Perilaku Masyarakat pada tahun 1968,^[12] dan Masyarakat untuk ilmu saraf di tahun 1969.^[13]

Rujukan

^ "Neuroscience". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary.
^ "Neurobiology". Dictionary.com. Dicapai pada 2017-01-22.
^ Kandel, Eric R. (2012). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. I. Overall perspective. ISBN 978-0071390118.
^ Ayd, Frank J., Jr. (2000). Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology and the Neurosciences. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. m/s. 688. ISBN 0781724686.
^ Shulman, Robert G. (2013). "Neuroscience: A Multidisciplinary, Multilevel Field". Brain Imaging: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About Consciousness. Oxford University Press. m/s. 59. ISBN 9780199838721.
^ Ogawa, Hiroto; Oka, Kotaro (2013). Methods in Neuroethological Research. Springer. m/s. v. ISBN 9784431543305.
^ Tanner, Kimberly D. (2006-01-01). "Issues in Neuroscience Education: Making Connections". CBE— Life Sciences Education. 5 (2): 85. doi:10.1187/cbe.06-04-0156. ISSN 1931-7913. PMC 1618510.
^ Kandel, Eric R. (2012). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. 5. ISBN 978-0071390118. The last frontier of the biological sciences – their ultimate challenge – is to understand the biological basis of consciousness and the mental processes by which we perceive, act, learn, and remember.
^ Zull, J. (2002). The art of changing the brain: Enriching the practice of teaching by exploring the biology of learning. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing, LLC
^ "History of IBRO". International Brain Research Organization. 2010.^{[pautan mati]}
^ The Beginning Diarkibkan 2012-04-21 di Wayback Machine Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. , International Society for Neurochemistry
^ "About EBBS". European Brain and Behaviour Society. 2009. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-03-03. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
^ "About SfN". Society for Neuroscience.

Pautan luar

[Merriam-1] "Neuroscience". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary.

[2] "Neurobiology". Dictionary.com. Dicapai pada 2017-01-22.

[3] Kandel, Eric R. (2012). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. I. Overall perspective. ISBN 978-0071390118.

[4] Ayd, Frank J., Jr. (2000). Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology and the Neurosciences. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. m/s. 688. ISBN 0781724686.

[5] Shulman, Robert G. (2013). "Neuroscience: A Multidisciplinary, Multilevel Field". Brain Imaging: What it Can (and Cannot) Tell Us About Consciousness. Oxford University Press. m/s. 59. ISBN 9780199838721.

[6] Ogawa, Hiroto; Oka, Kotaro (2013). Methods in Neuroethological Research. Springer. m/s. v. ISBN 9784431543305.

[7] Tanner, Kimberly D. (2006-01-01). "Issues in Neuroscience Education: Making Connections". CBE— Life Sciences Education. 5 (2): 85. doi:10.1187/cbe.06-04-0156. ISSN 1931-7913. PMC 1618510.

[8] Kandel, Eric R. (2012). Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. 5. ISBN 978-0071390118. The last frontier of the biological sciences – their ultimate challenge – is to understand the biological basis of consciousness and the mental processes by which we perceive, act, learn, and remember.

[9] Zull, J. (2002). The art of changing the brain: Enriching the practice of teaching by exploring the biology of learning. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing, LLC

[10] "History of IBRO". International Brain Research Organization. 2010.^{[pautan mati]}

[11] The Beginning Diarkibkan 2012-04-21 di Wayback Machine Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. , International Society for Neurochemistry

[12] "About EBBS". European Brain and Behaviour Society. 2009. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-03-03. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)

[13] "About SfN". Society for Neuroscience.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]