Kecemburuan

Kecemburuan biasanya merujuk kepada pemikiran atau perasaan tidak senang hati, ketakutan dan kebimbangan terhadap kekurangan relatif pemilikan atau keselamatan sesuatu benda.

Kecemburuan boleh terdiri daripada satu atau lebih emosi seperti kemarahan, kebencian, ketidakcukupan, ketakberdayaan atau kemeluatan. Kecemburuan ini berbeza daripada kedengkian, walaupun kedua-dua emosi ini sering mudah dikelirukan antara satu sama lain, kerana dua perasaan ini cenderung untuk hadir dalam situasi yang sama.^[1]

Kecemburuan merupakan suatu pengalaman yang biasa berlaku dalam hubungan sesama manusia, dan ia telah diperhatikan pada bayi seawal usia lima bulan.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Sesetengah penyelidik mendakwa bahawa kecemburuan dapat diperhatikan pada semua budaya dan merupakan sifat universal.^[6]^[7]^[8] Walau bagaimanapun, terdpaat penyelidik lain mendakwa bahawa emosi cemburu adalah emosi yang khusus bergantung kepada kelainan budaya.^[9]

Kecemburuan boleh hadir sama ada dalam bentuk kecurigaan atau bentuk kereaktifan,^[10] dan ia sering diperkukuh sebagai satu siri emosi yang sangat kuat dan dibina sebagai pengalaman manusia sejagat. Pakar psikologi telah mencadangkan beberapa model untuk mengkaji proses yang mendasari perasaan cemburu dan telah mengenal pasti faktor yang mengakibatkan berlakunya perasaan cemburu ini.^[11] Ahli sosiologi telah menunjukkan bahawa kepercayaan dan nilai budaya memainkan peranan penting dalam menentukan apa yang mencetuskan kecemburuan dan apa yang merupakan ungkapan cemburu yang boleh diterima secara sosial.^[12] Ahli biologi telah mengenal pasti faktor yang secara tidak sedar boleh mempengaruhi ekspresi cemburu.^[13]

Sepanjang sejarah peradaban manusia, pelbagai karyawan telah meneroka tema cemburu dalam lukisan, filem, lagu, drama, puisi, dan buku, bahkan ahli teologi telah menawarkan pandangan agama tentang kecemburuan berdasarkan kitab suci kepercayaan masing-masing.

Rujukan

Pistole, Johthan; Roberts, Carole; Mosko, Amber (2010). "Commitment predictors: Long-distance versus geographically close relationships". Journal of Counseling & Development. 88 (2): 2. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x.
Rydell, Robert J.; McConnell, Allen R.; Bringle, Robert G. (2004). "Jealousy and commitment: Perceived threat and the effect of relationship alternatives". Personal Relationships. 11 (4): 451–468. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00092.x.
Lyhda, Belcher (2009). " Different Types of Jealousy" livestrong.com
Green, Melanie; Sabin, John (2006). "Gender, Socioeconomic Status, age and jealousy: Emotional responses to infidelity in a national sample". Emotion. 6 (2): 330–4. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330. PMID 16768565.

Nota

^ "What Is the Difference Between Envy and Jealousy? | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-07-03.
^ Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.
^ Hart, S (2002). "Jealousy in 6-month-old infants". Infancy. 3 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_6. PMID 33451216.
^ Hart, S (2004). "When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy?". Infancy. 6: 57–78. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0601_3.
^ Shackelford, T.K.; Voracek, M.; Schmitt, D.P.; Buss, D.M.; Weekes-Shackelford, V.A.; Michalski, R.L. (2004). "Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life". Human Nature. 15 (3): 283–300. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.4722. doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1010-z. PMID 26190551.
^ Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.
^ Buss DM (December 2001), "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective", J Pers, 69 (6): 955–78, doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171, PMID 11767825.
^ White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
^ Peter Salovey (1991). The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. Guilford Press. m/s. 61. ISBN 978-0-89862-555-4.
^ Rydell RJ, Bringle RG Differentiating reactive and suspicious jealousy Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal 35(8):1099-1114 Jan 2007
^ Chung, Mingi; Harris, Christine R. (2018). "Jealousy as a Specific Emotion: The Dynamic Functional Model". Emotion Review. 10 (4): 272–287. doi:10.1177/1754073918795257.
^ Clanton, Gordon (1996). "A Sociology of Jealousy". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 16 (9/10): 171–189. doi:10.1108/eb013274.
^ "Scientists pinpoint jealousy in the monogamous brain". Science & research news | Frontiers (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2017-10-20. Dicapai pada 2021-07-03.

Bacaan lanjut

Peter Goldie. The Emotions, A Philosophical Exploration . Oxford University Press, 2000
W. Gerrod Parrott. Emotions in Social Psychology . Psychology Press, 2001
Jesse J. Prinz. Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2004
Staff, P.T. (Jan–Feb 1994), "A devastating difference", Psychology Today, Document ID 1544, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 April 2006, dicapai pada 8 July 2006
Jealousy among the Sangha Diarkibkan 5 Januari 2009 di Wayback Machine Quoting Jeremy Hayward from his book on Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche Warrior-King of Shambhala: Remembering Chögyam Trungpa
Hart, S. L. & Legerstee, M. (Eds.) "Handbook of Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Multidisciplinary Approaches" . Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Pistole, M.; Roberts, A.; Mosko, J. E. (2010). "Commitment Predictors: Long-Distance Versus Geographically Close Relationships". Journal of Counseling & Development. 88 (2): 146. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x.
Levy, Kenneth N., Kelly, Kristen M Feb 2010; Sex Differences in Jealousy: A Contribution From Attachment Theory Psychological Science, vol. 21: pp. 168–173
Green, M. C.; Sabini, J. (2006). "Gender, socioeconomic status, age, and jealousy: Emotional responses to infidelity in a national sample". Emotion. 6 (2): 330–334. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330. PMID 16768565.
Rauer, A. J.; Volling, B. L. (2007). "Differential parenting and sibling jealousy: Developmental correlates of young adults' romantic relationships". Personal Relationships. 14 (4): 495–511. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00168.x. PMC 2396512. PMID 19050748.
Pistole, M.; Roberts, A.; Mosko, J. E. (2010). "Commitment Predictors: Long-Distance Versus Geographically Close Relationships". Journal of Counseling & Development. 88 (2): 146. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x.
Tagler, M. J. (2010). "Sex differences in jealousy: Comparing the influence of previous infidelity among college students and adults". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 1 (4): 353–360. doi:10.1177/1948550610374367.
Tagler, M. J.; Gentry, R. H. (2011). "Gender, jealousy, and attachment: A (more) thorough examination across measures and samples". Journal of Research in Personality. 45 (6): 697–701. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.08.006.

Pautan luar

"Jealousy" . Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (ed. ke-11). 1911.

[1] "What Is the Difference Between Envy and Jealousy? | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-07-03.

[Draghi-Lorenz,2000-2] Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.

[Hart,2002-3] Hart, S (2002). "Jealousy in 6-month-old infants". Infancy. 3 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_6. PMID 33451216.

[Hart,2004-4] Hart, S (2004). "When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy?". Infancy. 6: 57–78. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0601_3.

[Shackelford-5] Shackelford, T.K.; Voracek, M.; Schmitt, D.P.; Buss, D.M.; Weekes-Shackelford, V.A.; Michalski, R.L. (2004). "Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life". Human Nature. 15 (3): 283–300. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.4722. doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1010-z. PMID 26190551.

[Buss,2000-6] Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.

[Buss,2001-7] Buss DM (December 2001), "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective", J Pers, 69 (6): 955–78, doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171, PMID 11767825.

[White,_Mullen-8] White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

[9] Peter Salovey (1991). The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. Guilford Press. m/s. 61. ISBN 978-0-89862-555-4.

[10] Rydell RJ, Bringle RG Differentiating reactive and suspicious jealousy Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal 35(8):1099-1114 Jan 2007

[11] Chung, Mingi; Harris, Christine R. (2018). "Jealousy as a Specific Emotion: The Dynamic Functional Model". Emotion Review. 10 (4): 272–287. doi:10.1177/1754073918795257.

[12] Clanton, Gordon (1996). "A Sociology of Jealousy". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 16 (9/10): 171–189. doi:10.1108/eb013274.

[13] "Scientists pinpoint jealousy in the monogamous brain". Science & research news | Frontiers (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2017-10-20. Dicapai pada 2021-07-03.

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