Salwar kameez

Salwar kameez^[1] (Urdu: شلوار قمیض‎) adalah pakaian tradisional dipakai oleh dua-dua kaum wanita dan lelaki di Asia Selatan^[1]^[2] dan Asia Tengah.^[3]^[4] Ia terdiri daripada dua bahagian: salwar iaitu celana sarung longgar dan kameez, suatu baju panjang.^[5]

Penamaan

Ungkapan "salwar kameez" merupakan penggabungan dua perkataan bahasa Urdu menerangkan rupanya: bahagian bawah iaitu salwar meminjam dari bahasa Parsi iaitu شلوارcode: fa is deprecated shalwar, ia juga kata sewarisan perkataan "seluar" dalam bahasa Melayu.^[6] kameez pula menyerap dari bahasa Arab قميصcode: ar is deprecated qamīṣ bermaksud "kemeja"^[7] meminjam kata bahasa Latin camisia; akar Latin ini memberi asal kedua-dua perkataan Urdu dan Melayu mengungkapkan makna sama meskipun menyerap dari punca berbeza (perkataan bahasa Melayu meminjam dari bahasa Portugis turunan perkataan Latin disebut^[8]).

Rupa

Sebuah salwar lelaki dipegang ke atas untuk menggambarkan jumlah bahan yang diperlukan.

Salwar dicekakkan di pinggang diikat suatu tali atau jalur elastik. Ia dapat dilebarkan dan baggy atau lebih sempit, dan juga diperbuat dari potongan bahan pada biasnya. Pada hal yang selepasnya mereka digelarkan churidar.

Kamiz biasanya dipotong lurus dan leper; kamiz yang lebih tua menggunakan potongan tradisional, seperti dilihatkan di ilustrasi di atas. Kamiz moden lebih-lebih lagi mempunyai lengan set-in berilham Eropah. Citarasa dan kemahiran tukang jahit biasanya digambarkan, bukan hanya pada potongan keseluruhannya, tetapi pada bentuk garis lelher dan hiasan kamiz. Versi-versi moden kamiz wanita dapat menjadi kurang modest dari versi-versi tradisional. Kamiz dapat dipotong dengan suatu garis leher dalam, dijahit dalam bahan diaphanous, atau digayakan pada reka bentuk cap-sleeve atau tanpa lengan. Kelim tepi kamiz dapat dipotong atas ke paha atau juga ke baris pinggang, dan ia dapat dipakai dengan salwar lempar di pinggul. Apabila seorang wanita memakai suatu kamiz When a separuh telus (kebanyakannya sebagai pakaian pesta), dia memakai suatu choli atau kamisol guntingan di bawahnya.

Apabila wanita memakai salwar kamiz, mereka biasanya memakai skarf atau selendang penjang keliling kepala atau leher diberi nama dupatta.^[4]^[9] Untuk wanita Muslim, dupatta adalah suatu pilihan cara lain kurang ketat dengan chador atau burqa (lihat pula hijab dan purdah). Untuk wanita Sikh dan Hindu (khususnya yang dari India utara, di mana salwar kamiz dikenali), dupatta berguna apabila kepalanya harus ditutup untuk tujuan tertentu seperti dalam memasuki tempat ibadah seperti gurdwara atau kuil mahupun menyambut tetamu atau orang kehormat dengan sopan.^[10] Untuk para wanita lain, dupatta hanyalah aksesori bergaya yang dapat dipakai ke atas bahu atau menutupi dada dan ke atas dua belah bahu.

Di India, pakaian terdahulunya dihadkan di Utara, tetapi sebagai suatu pilihan cara lain kemudahan dan sopan dengan sari - dan juga sebagai satu yang memujikan mana-mana jenis tubuh - ia menjadi masyhur di sepanjang negara. Dengan membezakan bahan, warna dan darjah sulaman dan hiasan, salwar-kamiz dapat menjadi rasmi, kasual, bergaya, atau tidak bercorak; dan ia dapat juga dibuatkan untuk diubahesuaikan pada secara praktik semua cuaca.

Galeri

Wanita memakai sebuah churidar dan kameez
Potret seorang perempuan Hindu dari Karachi, Sind, dalam salwar & kameez yang sempit, s. 1870.
Wanita bukit, Kashmir, dalam salwar-kameez, s. 1890.
Potret seorang perempuan Muslim dari Karachi, Sind, dalam salwar dan blaus. c. 1870.
Seorang lelaki Muslim memakai sebuah topi taqiyah berkrochet dan salwar kameez.
Seorang wanita di Selçuk, Turki memakai shalvar Turki tradisional.
Lelaki memakai shalwar kameez di Lapangan Terbang Kabul di Afghanistan.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, m/s. 1272, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār.
^ "shalwar kameez", Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English, loose trousers which are narrow at the bottom and a long loose shirt, worn by some South Asian women and, in some countries, men.
^ Anesa, Patrizia (2018), Lexical Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms, Taylor & Francis, m/s. 178, ISBN 978-1-351-10933-8, Other compounds are, for instance, ... salwar-kameez. ... It may also be described as an internationalism given its origin (Urdu). This word-formation process is based on the combination of two elements which are two garments (baggy pants and a tunic or shirt) and constitute an outfit typical of South and Central Asia.
^ ^a ^b Farrar, Max; Valli, Yasmin (2012), Islam in the West: Key Issues in Multiculturalism, Palgrave Macmillan UK, m/s. 101, ISBN 978-1-137-02506-7, A 'Shalwar Kameez' is a form of dress worn by both men and women in South and Central Asia, combining a long shirt worn over loose fitting tapered trousers. [...] The women's form of Shalwar Kameez is usually accompanied by a scarf or 'dupatta' which can be worn around the neck, covering the chest area for 'modesty' or over the hair as a head covering.
^ Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, m/s. 774, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).
^ Muhammad Bukhari Lubis (Hj.) (1990). Bunga rampai sastera Parsi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka & Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. m/s. 48.
^ Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892), A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary: Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to be Met with in Persian Literature, London: Routledge & K. Paul, m/s. 989–, ISBN 9788120606708
^ Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1988). Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. m/s. 71–72.
^ Ozyegin, Gul (2016), Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures, Routledge, m/s. 222, ISBN 978-1-317-13051-2, a dupatta is a long, wide piece of cloth measuring approximately 2-2.5 meters long and 1 meter wide.
^ Shukla, Pravina (2015), The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India, Indiana University Press, m/s. 72, ISBN 978-0-253-02121-2, Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...

Pautan luar

[StevensonWaite2011-1] Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, m/s. 1272, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār.

[longmans1-2] "shalwar kameez", Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English, loose trousers which are narrow at the bottom and a long loose shirt, worn by some South Asian women and, in some countries, men.

[Anesa2018-3] Anesa, Patrizia (2018), Lexical Innovation in World Englishes: Cross-fertilization and Evolving Paradigms, Taylor & Francis, m/s. 178, ISBN 978-1-351-10933-8, Other compounds are, for instance, ... salwar-kameez. ... It may also be described as an internationalism given its origin (Urdu). This word-formation process is based on the combination of two elements which are two garments (baggy pants and a tunic or shirt) and constitute an outfit typical of South and Central Asia.

[FarrarValli2012-4] Farrar, Max; Valli, Yasmin (2012), Islam in the West: Key Issues in Multiculturalism, Palgrave Macmillan UK, m/s. 101, ISBN 978-1-137-02506-7, A 'Shalwar Kameez' is a form of dress worn by both men and women in South and Central Asia, combining a long shirt worn over loose fitting tapered trousers. [...] The women's form of Shalwar Kameez is usually accompanied by a scarf or 'dupatta' which can be worn around the neck, covering the chest area for 'modesty' or over the hair as a head covering.

[StevensonWaite2011-b-5] Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set, Oxford University Press, m/s. 774, ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3, Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).

[6] Muhammad Bukhari Lubis (Hj.) (1990). Bunga rampai sastera Parsi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka & Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. m/s. 48.

[Steingass1892-c-7] Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892), A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary: Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to be Met with in Persian Literature, London: Routledge & K. Paul, m/s. 989–, ISBN 9788120606708

[8] Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1988). Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. m/s. 71–72.

[Ozyegin2016-b-9] Ozyegin, Gul (2016), Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures, Routledge, m/s. 222, ISBN 978-1-317-13051-2, a dupatta is a long, wide piece of cloth measuring approximately 2-2.5 meters long and 1 meter wide.

[Shukla2015-10] Shukla, Pravina (2015), The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India, Indiana University Press, m/s. 72, ISBN 978-0-253-02121-2, Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...

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