Penceritaan
Penceritaan atau narasi ialah penyampaian sesuatu kejadian atau peristiwa dan pengalaman berkaitan yakni suatu cerita (Jawi: چريتا, pinjaman Sanskrit: चरित carita "perbuatan, tingkah laku"[1]) atau naratif (serapan Belanda: narratief berakar dari bahasa Latin narrativus terbitan kata kerja narrare)[2] sama ada benar (misalnya travelog, memoir, autobiografi, biografi) mahupun direka-reka (misalnya cerita dongeng, hikayat, epik, legenda, atau novel).[3][4][5][6] Penyampaian ini baik secara berkata-kata, bergambar (yang lukis mahupun ditangkap) atau kedua-duanya. Kaedah ini sering digunakan dalam proses mengajar terutamanya pada tahap atau peringkat pemula atau anak-anak. Teknik ini bermanfaat melatih kemampuan mendengar dengan cara begitu menyenangkan kepada orang yang disasarkan.
Seseorang yang ingin bercerita harus mempunyai kemampuan berbicara yang baik, memahami perwatakan pendengar, mahir meniru suara watak yang berbeza-beza, pintar mengatur nada dan intonasi serta keterampilan memakai alat bantu. Teknik bercerita bisa berhasil jika pendengar mampu menangkap jalan cerita serta merasa terhibur dengan penyampaian cerita tersebut. Selain itu, pesanan moral dalam cerita juga diperoleh melalui penerapan ia dalam bahan cerita.
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1981). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi, Varanasi, Patna: Motilal Banarsidass. m/s. 389. - melalui Edi Sedyawati dkk. (1994). Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. m/s. 52. ISBN 979-459-416-4.
- ^ M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, penyunting (2009). "narratief". Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands. Amsterdam.CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
- ^ Carey & Snodgrass (1999)
- ^ Harmon (2012)
- ^ Random House (1979)
- ^ Webster (1984)
Sumber utama
sunting- Carey, Gary; Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (1999), A Multicultural Dictionary of Literary Terms, Jefferson: McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-0552-X
- Harmon, William (2012), A Handbook to Literature (ed. 12th), Boston: Longman, ISBN 978-0-205-02401-8
- The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, New York: Random House, 1979, LCCN 74-129225
- Webster's New World Dictionary, New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1984, ISBN 0-446-31450-1
Bacaan tambahan
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- Bruner, Jerome S. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-674-00365-9
- Bruner, Jerome S. Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2002. ISBN 0-374-20024-6
- Friedman, Stew. How a 2-Minute Story Helps You Lead, Harvard Business Review. August 4, 2009.
- Gargiulo, Terrence L. Stories at Work: Using Stories to Improve Communication and Build Relationships. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. 2006. ISBN 0-275-98731-0
- Gargiulo, Terrence L. The Strategic Use of Stories in Organizational Communication and Learning. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. 2005. ISBN 0-7656-1413-8
- Greiner-Burkert, Barbara The magical art of telling fairy tales: A practical guide to enchantment. Munich, Germany: tausendschlau Verlag. 2012. ISBN 978-3-943328-64-6
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- Hoffman, Lou. Aligning PR with Storytelling for the "Happily Ever After", Ishmael's Corner. June 14, 2010.
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- Leitch, Thomas M. What Stories Are: Narrative Theory and Interpretation. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-271-00431-2
- Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction, New York: Viking, 1992.
- McKee, Robert. Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting. New York: ReganBooks. 1997. ISBN 0-06-039168-5
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- MONTECARLO, SNIJDERS, Eva y HERRERA, Angel María. "El Consejo", Alienta Editorial. 2011. ISBN 978-84-92414-56-7
- Randall, W. "Restorying a Life: Adult Education and Transformative Learning." In Aging and Biography: Explorations in Adult Development. Edited by James E. Birren et al., pp. 224–247. New York: Springer Publishing, 1996. ISBN 0-8261-8980-6
- Reis, Pamela Tamarkin. "Genesis as Rashomon: The creation as told by God and man." Bible Review 17 (3). Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. 2001. ISSN 8755-6316
- Shedlock, Marie L. The Art of the Story-teller. D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1917. ISBN 1-4068-1522-5
- Van Laer, T., De Ruyter, K., Visconti, L. M., & Wetzels, M. (2014). "The Extended Transportation-Imagery Model: A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of consumers' narrative transportation." Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), 797-817. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2033192 or doi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/673383
- White, Hayden. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1975.
- Wiessner, C. A. Stories of Change: Narrative in Emancipatory Adult Education. Thesis Ed. D. dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University. 2001. OCLC 80185345
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