Penerbit

Penerbit adalah orang yang di dalam proses menerbitkan dan menyerbarkan kesusasteraan atau maklumat – aktiviti membuatkan maklumat dapat diperolehi kepada pandangan umum. Di dalam beberapa kes, pengarang mungkin menjadi penerbitnya sendiri, bermaksud: Pengasas dan pembina kandungan juga menyediakan media untuk menghantar dan memaparkan kandungan. Tradisinya, istilah berkenaan merujuk kepada pengagihan kerja percetakan seperti buku-buku ("perniagaan buku") dan suratkhabar. Dengan kemunculan sistem maklumat digital dan Internet, ruang lingkup penerbitan telah diperluaskan kepada sumber-sumber elektronik, seperti versi buku-buku elektronik dan majalah, seperti juga penerbitan mikro, laman, blog-blog, permainan video seperti mobile legend, PUBG, dan lain-lain sepertinya.

Sebuah mesin cetak di Kabul, Afghanistan.

Proses penerbitan

Penerbit buku dan majalah menghabiskan banyak masa mereka membeli atau mentauliah salinan; sebaliknya, penerbit suratkhabar, lazimnya menggaji pekerja mereka untuk menghasilkan salinan, walaupun mereka mungkin mengupah wartawan bebas, yang dipanggil wartawan sambilan. Di percetakan kecil, ia mungkin bertahan dengan bergantung sepenuhnya kepada bahan-bahan komisen. Akan tetapi apabila aktiviti meningkat, keperluan untuk kerja-kerja mungkin akan menanggalkan terus lingkaran penulis-penulis yang mantap.

Penerimaan dan rundingan

Sebaik sahaja menerima kerja berkenaan, penyunting bertauliah akan membincangkan harga hak cipta dan bersetuju dengan kadar royalti.

Percetakan

When editing and design work are completed, the printing phase begins. The first step is the creation of a pre-press proof, which is sent for final checking and sign-off by the publisher. This proof shows the book precisely as it will appear once printed and is the final opportunity for the publisher to find and correct any errors. Some printing companies use electronic proofs rather than printed proofs. Once the proofs have been approved by the publisher, printing—the physical production of the published work—begins.

Pengagihan

The final stage in publication is making the product available to the public, usually by offering it for sale. In previous centuries, an author was frequently also his own editor, printer, and bookseller, but these functions are usually separated now. Once a book, newspaper, or other publication is printed, the publisher may use a variety of channels to distribute it. Books are most commonly sold through booksellers and other retailers. Newspapers and magazines are typically sold directly by the publisher to subscribers, and then distributed either through the postal system or by newspaper carriers. Periodicals are also frequently sold through newsagents and vending machines.

Percetakan sebagai sebuah perniagaan

Eslite Bookstore in Taiwan.

Pembahagian kecil industri

Penerbitan suratkhabar

Rencana utama: Newspaper

Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called newsprint. Most newspapers are primarily sold to subscribers or are distributed as advertising-supported free newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.

Penerbitan berkala

Rencana utama: enerbitan berkala

Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even academic journals, but not newspapers. About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).

Penerbitan buku

Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States. Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created their own publishing companies, and self-published their own works.

Within the book publishing industry, the "publisher of record" for a book is the entity in whose name the book's ISBN is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.

Penerbitan direktori

Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, telephone books, and other types of directories. With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.

Penerbitan akademik

Rencana utama: Academic publishing

Academic publishers are typically either book or periodical publishers that have specialized in academic subjects. Some, like university presses, are owned by scholarly institutions. Others are commercial businesses that focus on academic subjects.

Pembangunan terbaru

The 21st century has brought a number of new technological changes to the publishing industry. These changes include e-books, print on demand and accessible publishing. E-books have been quickly growing in availability since 2005. Google, Amazon.com and Sony have been leaders in working with publishers and libraries to digitize books. As of early 2011 Amazon's Kindle reading device is a significant force in the market, along with the Apple iPad and the Nook.

Piawaian

Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.

Isu perundangan

Rencana utama: Penerbitan

Organisasi Hak World Intelek Dunia, Geneva

Penerbitan kecil

Privishing is an industry term for publishing a book in such a small amount, or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support from the publisher, that the book effectively does not reach the public. The book, whilst nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be special-ordered and will have a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusals to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship, or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

Lihat juga

• Accessible publishing
• Concentration of media ownership
• Penerbitan Digital
• Senarai penerbit
• Media massa
• Open access publishing
• Open publishing
• Penerbitan
• Penerbitan persendirian
• Serials, periodicals and journals
• Percetakan kecil
• Penulisan
• Zines

Menerbitkan kandungan khusus:

• Academic publishing
• Books published per country per year
• Document management system
• Scientific literature
• Writing circles

Publishing tools:

• Desktop publishing
• Electronic publishing
• Mobile publishing
• Web publishing tools

Pautan luar

• International Publisher's organisation
• WeirdMusic.net Magazine: Music Publisher & Music Journalism - How it Works Diarkibkan 2011-03-14 di Wayback Machine