Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes ([hɒbz]; 5 April 1588 – 4 Julai 1679), atau dalam beberapa catatan lamanya Thomas Hobbes dari Malmesbury,[a] ialah seorang filsuf Inggeris yang dianggap sebagai salah satu pengasas falsafah politik moden.[1][2] Hobbes begitu dikenali atas karyanya tahun 1651 bernama Leviathan yang menubuhkan teori kontrak sosial yang telah disampaikan sebagai asas kepada falsafah politik Barat yang paling terkemudian.[3] Selain falsafah politik, Hobbes juga telah menyumbang kepada pelbagai bidang-bidang lain termasuk sejarah, perundangan, geometri, fizik gas, teologi, etika, dan falsafah umum.
Thomas Hobbes | |
---|---|
Lahir | Westport berdekatan Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England | 5 April 1588
Meninggal dunia | 4 Disember 1679 Derbyshire, England | (umur 91)
Zaman | falsafah abad ke-17 |
Aliran | Kontrak sosial, realisme klasik, empirikisme, determinisme, materialisme, egoisme beretika |
Minat utama | Falsafah politik, sejarah, etika, geometri |
Idea penting | Pengasas moden tradisi kontrak sosial |
Alma mater | Magdalen Hall, Oxford |
Dipengaruhi | |
Mempengaruhi
| |
Tandatangan |
Walaupun Hobbes dengan rasionalnya memihak kuat kepada faham kemutlakan pemerintah, Hobbes juga mengembangkan beberapa asas pemikiran liberalisme Eropah: hak individu; kesamaan semula jadi semua manusia; sifat buatan perintah politik (yang membawa kemudiannya kepada perbezaan antara masyarakat awam dan negeri); pandangan bahawa semua kuasa politik yang sah mesti "berwakil" dan berdasarkan persetujuan orang ramai; dan satu tafisran bebas terhadap undang-undang yang meninggalkan orang-orang bebas untuk melakukan apa sahaja yang tidak jelas dilarang oleh undang-undang.[4] Pemahamannya mengenai manusia sebagai jisim dan gerakan yang mematuhi undang-undang fizikal yang sama seperti jisim dan gerakan yang lain kekal berpengaruh; danpendapatnya mengenai naluri manusia sebagai suatu kerjasama berkepentingan diri, dan komuniti politik berdasarkan "kontrak sosial" menjadi salah satu topik utama falsafah politik.
Karya-karya
sunting- 1602. terjemahan bahasa Latin Medea karya Euripides (hilang).
- 1620. Three of the discourses in the Horae Subsecivae: Observation and Discourses (A Discourse of Tacitus, A Discourse of Rome, and A Discourse of Laws).
- 1626. De Mirabilis Pecci, Being the Wonders of the Peak in Darby-shire, (sebuah puisi pertama kali terbit tahun 1636)
- 1629. Eight Books of the Peloponnesian Warre, terjemahan bersertakan pengenalan kepada Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
- 1630. A Short Tract on First Principles, British Museum, Harleian MS 6796, ff. 297–308: critical edition with commentary and French translation by Jean Bernhardt: Court traité des premiers principes, Paris, PUF, 1988 (authorship doubtful: this work is attributed by some critics to Robert Payne).[5]
- 1637 A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique (in Molesworth's edition the title is The Whole Art of Rhetoric). A new edition has been edited by John T. Harwood: The Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986. (Authorship probable: While Karl Schuhmann firmly rejects the attribution of this work to Hobbes, disagreeing with Quentin Skinner, who has come to agree with Schuhmann, a preponderance of scholarship disagrees with Schuhmann's idiosyncratic assessment.)[6]
- 1639. Tractatus opticus II (British Library, Harley MS 6796, ff. 193–266; first complete edition 1963)[7]
- 1640. Elements of Law, Natural and Politic (diedarkan dalam salinan tulisan tangan, edisi cetakan pertama tanpa kebenaran Hobbes pada tahun 1650)
- 1641. Objectiones ad Cartesii Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Third series of Objections)
- 1642. De Cive (Latin, edisi terhad pertama)
- 1643. De Motu, Loco et Tempore (edisi pertama tahun 1973 dengan tajuk Thomas White's De Mundo Examined)[8]
- 1644. Sebahagian daripada Praefatio to Mersenni Ballistica (dalam F. Marini Mersenni minimi Cogitata physico-mathematica. In quibus tam naturae quàm artis effectus admirandi certissimis demonstrationibus explicantur)
- 1644. Opticae, liber septimus, (written in 1640) in Universae geometriae mixtaeque mathematicae synopsis, disunting oleh Marin Mersenne (dicetak semula oleh Molesworth dalam OL V pp. 215–48 dengan tajuk Tractatus Opticus)
- 1646. A Minute or First Draught of the Optiques (Harley MS 3360; Molesworth hanya menerbitkan dedikasi kepada Cavendish serta kesimpulannya in EW VII, pp. 467–71)
- 1646. Of Liberty and Necessity (dicetak tanpa kebenaran Hobbes pada tahun 1654)
- 1647. Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Tertia De Cive (second expanded edition with a new Preface to the Reader)
- 1650. Answer to Sir William Davenant's Preface before Gondibert
- 1650. Human Nature: or The fundamental Elements of Policie (13 bab pertama The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic diterbitkan tanpa kebenaran Hobbes)
- 1650. Edisi cetak rompak The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, dihimpunkan semula berserta dengan dua bahagian:
- Human Nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policie (bab 14–19 Bahagian Pertama Elements of 1640)
- De Corpore Politico (Bahagian Kedua Elements of 1640)
- 1651. Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society (terjemahan bahasa Inggeris De Cive)[9]
- 1651. Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil
- 1654. Of Libertie and Necessitie, a Treatise
- 1655. De Corpore (Latin)
- 1656. Elements of Philosophy, The First Section, Concerning Body (terjemahan bahasa Inggeris De Corpore yang tidak diketahui namanya)
- 1656. Six Lessons to the Professor of Mathematics
- 1656. The Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance (cetakan semula Of Libertie and Necessitie, a Treatise, dengan penambahan penulisan jawapan Bramhall serta penulisan jawapan Hobbes selepas itu)
- 1657. Stigmai, or Marks of the Absurd Geometry, Rural Language, Scottish Church Politics, and Barbarisms of John Wallis
- 1658. Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Secunda De Homine
- 1660. Examinatio et emendatio mathematicae hodiernae qualis explicatur in libris Johannis Wallisii
- 1661. Dialogus physicus, sive De natura aeris
- 1662. Problematica Physica (diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris pada tahun 1682 sebagai Seven Philosophical Problems)
- 1662. Seven Philosophical Problems, and Two Propositions of Geometru (published posthumously)
- 1662. Mr. Hobbes Considered in his Loyalty, Religion, Reputation, and Manners. By way of Letter to Dr. Wallis (Autobiografi bahasa Inggeris)
- 1666. De Principis & Ratiocinatione Geometrarum
- 1666. A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England (diterbitkan tahun 1681)
- 1668. Leviathan (terjemahan bahasa Latin)
- 1668. An Answer to a Book published by Dr. Bramhall (published in 1682)
- 1671. Three Papers Presented to the Royal Society Against Dr. Wallis. Together with Considerations on Dr. Wallis his Answer to them
- 1671. Rosetum Geometricum, sive Propositiones Aliquot Frustra antehac tentatae. Cum Censura brevi Doctrinae Wallisianae de Motu
- 1672. Lux Mathematica. Excussa Collisionibus Johannis Wallisii
- 1673. Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris karya-karya Homer: Iliad dan Odyssey
- 1674. Principia et Problemata Aliquot Geometrica Antè Desperata, Nunc breviter Explicata & Demonstrata
- 1678. Decameron Physiologicum: Or, Ten Dialogues of Natural Philosophy
- 1679. Thomae Hobbessii Malmesburiensis Vita. Authore seipso (Autobiografi dalam bahasa Latin, diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris tahun 1680)
- Terbitan lepas mati
- 1680. An Historical Narration concerning Heresie, And the Punishment thereof
- 1681. Behemoth, or The Long Parliament (ditulis tahun 1668, tidak diterbitkan atas permintaan Raja, edisi cetak rompak pertama pada tahun 1679)
- 1682. Seven Philosophical Problems (Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Problematica Physica, 1662)
- 1682. A Garden of Geometrical Roses (Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Rosetum Geometricum, 1671)
- 1682. Some Principles and Problems in Geometry (Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Principia et Problemata, 1674)
- 1688. Historia Ecclesiastica Carmine Elegiaco Concinnata
Nota
sunting- ^ Tracts of Mr. Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury : Containing I. Behemoth, the history of the causes of the civil wars of England, from 1640. to 1660. printed from the author's own copy: never printed (but with a thousand faults) before. II. An answer to Arch-bishop Bramhall's book, called the Catching of the Leviathan: never printed before. III. An historical narration of heresie, and the punishment thereof: corrected by the true copy. IV. Philosophical problems, dedicated to the King in 1662. but never printed before, 1682.
Rujukan
sunting- ^ "Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy". UTM.
- ^ Sheldon, Dr. Garrett W. The History of Political Theory: Ancient Greece to Modern America.
- ^ "Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Dicapai pada 11 March 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Manent, Pierre (1994), An Intellectual History of Liberalism, m/s. 20–38.
- ^ Richard Tuck, Timothy Raylor, and Noel Malcolm vote for Robert Payne.
- ^ Schuhmann, Karl (1998). "Skinner's Hobbes". British Journal of the History of Philosophy. 6 (1): 115.
- ^ For this dating see the convincing arguments given by Frank Horstmann, Nachträge zu Betrachtungen über Hobbes' Optik.
- ^ A critical analysis of Thomas White (1593–1676) De mundo dialogi tres, Parisii, 1642.
- ^ Modern scholars are divided as to whether or not this translation was done by Hobbes.
Pautan luar
sunting- Karya-karya oleh Thomas Hobbes di Projek Gutenberg
- Karya oleh atau tentang Thomas Hobbes di Internet Archive
- Karya oleh Thomas Hobbes di LibriVox (buku audio domain awam)LibriVox
- Hobbes Texts - kompilasi terjemahan bahasa Inggeris oleh George Mac Donald Ross
- Contains Leviathan, lightly edited for easier reading
- Thomas Hobbes, A minute or first Draught of the Optiques di Digitised Manuscripts
- Clarendon Edition of the Works of Thomas Hobbes
- Richard A. Talaska (ed.), The Hardwick Library and Hobbes's Early Intellectual Development
- Hobbes studies Online edition
- Bulletin Hobbes Diarkibkan 2013-09-08 di Wayback Machine in the Journal Archives de Philosophie
- Thomas Hobbes di Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford
- Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy di Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford
- Hobbes: Methodology di Ensiklopedia Falsafah Internet
- Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy di Ensiklopedia Falsafah Internet
- A Brief Life of Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679 oleh John Aubrey
- A short biography of Thomas Hobbes
- Hobbes at The Philosophy pages
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