Novial

Lingues → Konstrukteti lingues → Novial

Novial (nov + IAL, International Auxiliari Lingue) es konstrukteti lingue kreat da Profesore Otto Jespersen, dani linguiste kel had anteim prenda parte in li kreatione de altri konstrukteti lingue, Ido. Lo kread novial kom international auxiliari lingue (IAL), por plufasilifika international komunikatione, ma sin desplasa uli patrial lingues.

novial
Propri nome	novial
Informatione
Parlat	poki parleres trans li monde
Ofisial lingue	nulilok
Parleres	tre poki
Range	non in 100 maxim grandi
Alfabete	latini
Akademie del lingue	nulu
Linguistikal klasifikatione
Lingual familie	konstrukteti lingue
Lingual grupe	international auxiliari lingue
Kodes del lingue
ISO 639-1
ISO 639-2	art
ISO 639-3	nov
SIL	nov

Jespersen unesmim introdukted novial in li angli libre An International Language ye 1928. Ye 1930 lo publisad multingual lexike de novial, Novial Lexike, kun traduktiones in anglum, fransum e germanum. Plusi modifikationes blid proposi ye li 1930 dekyare, ma after li morio de Jespersen ye 1943, lun uso sesad. Durant li 1990 dekyare novial ha atrakte intereso per li interete, e nun es nombre de useres trans li monde.

Ye 24 de novembre 2004 li yahoo-grupe novial-diskusione blid fonda in li interrete. Depos januare 2006 exista li Novial Wikipedie in li interrete.

Historie

Chefi artikle: Historie de Novial

Un International Lingue (1928)

Novial unesmim bli deskripte in li angli libre An International Language (1928) da Otto Jespersen. Li unesmi parte del libre diskuse li besono por international auxiliari lingue, li desavantajes de national lingues por ti funktione e komuni objetiones konter konstrukteti international auxiliari lingues. Jespersen anke provise kritikal resense del historie de konstrukteti IALs kun sektiones pri Volapük, Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Latino sine Flexione e Occidental (Interlingue). Li autore klarifika ke lo usa li grandi quantitate de plu frui verkes pri li probleme, non solim li anteim mentionat IALs.

Li duesmi parte de An International Language detalim deskripte novial. Alternativi posibli solutiones por problemes in li fonologia, ortografia, gramatike e vokablaro bli konsidera. Li selektiones bli explika per komparo kun national e anteim konstrukteti IALs.

Novial Lexike (1930)

Kelki chanjos bli introdukte in li lingue kun li publikatione de Novial Lexike ye 1930. Inter disi chanjos on trova kelki sufixes kom -ntia (konvalescentia, inteligentia, presentia) e -itate (felisitate, sinseritate), e adverbies sin li finale -im (tot nudi, tal-nomat, extrem fasil, bon konstruktet).

Novialiste (1934)

In maye 1934, Otto Jespersen proposid in lon artikle Plubonisat Novial (publisat in li revue Novialiste) li adoptione de un »ortografial» novial apud li original fonetikalim skriptet lingue.

Kom resulte de omni disum me proposi ke on have du formes de novial, usabli segun chaken personal prefero:

1. fonetikal novial (FN) kom li tilnun usat, sin c e sin z.
2. ortografial novial (ON), kel admise li literes c (kun ç e sc) e z.

Fro 1935 til 1939, Valter Ahlstedt kolaborad in Novialiste. Ye 1937, komisione nomisat Lingual Jurie del Novialistes por plubonisa Novial bli krea, kun Ahlstedt kom sekretario. Pro li influo de Ahlstedt, li nove versione de Novial esed tre proxim a Interlingue. Lon Gramatike Interlingual devenid li nov ofisiali gramatike de Novial. Tamen, Ahlstedt chanjad a Interlingua e tum signifikad li fine del lingue, kel esed sin uso til li 1990 dekyare.

After li morio de Otto Jespersen

In li 1990 dekyare, un nov generatione de novialistes (usoniani studantes e linguistes) publikad Novial 98 (Novi International Auxiliari Linguum) che interete. Li briti matematikisto James Chandler publikis multi textes in e pri novial

Novial98 have kelki 20 chanjos, diskutet in intereti forume kom li inklusione de w e z, li aditione de -r al infinitives, ve bli chanja a va e sta bli adi por kontinui tempe (me sta lekter).

Tum esed li komenso de novi novialides kom Novial Pro da Marcos Franco, Eurial de B. Phillip Jonsson, NovIALA e Noviali Interlingue Modernizat, adapted li fundi idees de Guisepe Peano e li labore de Otto Jespersen, Edgar de Wahl e Alexander Gode.

Li grupe de diskusione de Yahoo bli fonda ye 2004 e li Wikipedie in Novial esed kreat ye 2006.

Nunim

Li Esperanto haved sukseso plus kam li Novial ma... ob Jespersen komprenad ante omnes que li Anglum vud es li internationali lingue after li Fransum com tum es nunim?

Ob nur li chanse fad ke lo esed profesor de Anglum?

Quam unque es, li gramatike del Novial es li angli gramatike por li verbes e li novial vordes es konosata pri len radikale en li omne monde. Disu dona novi chanse de sukseso nunim al Novial.

Gramatike

Disi artikle parla pri li gramatike de Novial kel apari in li libre 'An International Language', non pri li modifikationes fat aftru.

Alfabete

Li alfabete de Novial did chanja e kelki literes blid adi aftru, kom li litere z.

Novial	A	B	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y
IFA	/a/	/b/	/d/	/e/~/ɛ/	/f/	/g/	/h/	/i/	/dʒ/, /ʒ/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/o/	/p/	/k/	/r/	/s/, /z/	/t/	/u/	/v/	/w/, /u/, /v/	/ks/	/j/

Pronomines

	singulari						plurali						nondefiniti
	1mi	2mi	3mi				1mi	2mi	3mi
			mask.	fem.	neut.	omnigenus			mask.	fem.	neut.	omnigenus
Novial	me	vu	lo	la	lu	le	nus	vus	los	las	lus	les	on

Verbes

Li verbes nulitem chanja kun persone o nombre. Li maxim parte del tempus, modes e voises bli exprese kun auxiliari verbes presedant li radike del chefi verbe. Li auxiliaris seku li sami ordine de paroles kom li angli equivalenti.

Afixes

Prefixes

pre-	denotes before	previda foresee	prehistorie prehistory	prepaga prepay
anti-	denotes against	antialkoholisme   anti-alcoholism	antiklerikal    anticlerical	antimilitariste   antimilitarist
non-	negative prefix   not	nonexistant nonexistant	nonposibli impossible	nonreal unreal
des-	denotes direct opposite	desobedia   disobey	desfasil    difficult	desutili   harmful, pernicious
dis-	denotes dispersion or separation	disdona   distribute	dissenda    send out	distrancha   carve
mis-	denotes wrongly	mispronuntia   mispronounce	misdukte    mislead	miskomprenda   miscomprehend
mal-	denotes bad	malodoro   stink	malformat    malformed	malhumerosi   ill-tempered
par-	denotes perfectly or thoroughly	parlerna   learn thoroughly	parlekte    read thoroughly	parmori   die out completely
ri-	denotes repetition or restoration	rielekte   re-elect	riforma    reform	rigana   regain
retro-	denotes back(wards)	retroflua   flow back	retroaktiv    retroactive	retroseda cede back, restore
mi-	denotes half	mihore   half-hour	miklosat    half closed	milume   twilight
bo-	denotes relation by marriage	bopatro   father-in-law	bofilia    daughter-in-law	boparentes   in-laws
ex-	denotes late, former, retired, ex-	ex-presidente   ex-president	ex-marito    ex-husband	ex-marita   ex-wife
arki- ark-	denotes arch, senior, main	arkianjele   archangel	arkepiskopo    archbishop	arkenemike   arch-enemy
pseudo-	denotes pseudo-, false	pseudo-sientie   pseudo-science	pseudo-romanti    pseudo-romantic	pseudo-profete   pseudoprophet

Sufixes

Substantivali sufixes

-eso	to form abstracts, denotes state of being	vereso truth, state of being true	febleso weakness	venkateso defeat
-o	forms verbal nouns	ploro   weeping	opino    thinking, opinion	sentio   feeling, feel
-(t)ione	denotes partly the result (as a whole) or the resulting state, partly the way or manner in which something is done	definitione definition	evolutione evolution	satisfaktione satisfaction
-um	denotes the product of action (as distinct from the way in which it is done) to be added to the passive participle	fabrikatum   manufactured article	printatum    printed matter	kopiatum   copy, something copied
-ure	denotes the result or product (as distinct from the act itself)	pikture   picture	inventure    invention	fotografure   photograph
-ere -iste	denote operator or person occupied with	bakere   baker	konsiliste    councillor	klimere   climber
-iste	used for human beings, denotes adherents of a doctrine or those occupied in certain professions	ateiste   atheist	dentiste    dentist	sientiiste   scientist
-isme	denotes doctrine	ateisme   atheism	kapitalisme    capitalism	sosialisme   socialism
-iere	denotes a person or thing characterized by a certain object or considered as its bearer	pomiere   apple tree	kandeliere    candle holder	milioniere   millionnaire
-arie	denotes recipient of an action, the person for whom something is destined	sendarie   addressee	pagarie    payee	mandatarie mandate holder
-ia	denotes the domain, province or country of someone	Anglia   England	filosofia    philosophy	printeria   printing office
-torie	denotes place where something is done	observatorie   observatory	dormitorie    dormitory	promenatorie   promenade
-aje	denotes something made of, consisting of, having the character of	lanaje   woolen goods	lignaje    woodwork	subtilaje   (a) subtlety
-ede	denotes quantity which fills something	kulierede   spoonful	manuede    handful	bokede   mouthful
-aro	denotes a collection, group, or set of things	homaro   mankind	vortaro    vocabulary	aristokrataro   aristocracy
-ide	denotes descendant	Atreide   son of Atreus	regide    person of royal blood	Napoleonide   descendant of Napoleon
-yune	denotes young one	bovyune   calf	hanyune    chick	katyune   kitten

Verbali sufixes

-ira	denotes living beings acting as	profetira to prophesy	rivalira to rival	rebelira to rebel
-isa -ifika	to make into, transform into, render	justifika to justify	rektifika to rectify	modernisa to modernize
-isa	to provide with, supply with, cover with	armisa to arm	harmonisa to harmonize	spisa to spice
-ada	denotes repeated or continuous action	frapada to go on beating	kantada to keep on singing	parlada to keep on speaking
-eska	denotes the beginning of an action or state	dormieska to fall asleep	videska to perceive	paleska to turn pale

Adjektivali sufixes

-al	denotes relating to – before this suffix any final vowel of the word is dropped except -u which is retained	universal universal	national national	sexual sexual
-an	denotes inhabiting or belonging to a class or party	italian Italian	urban urban	akademian academic
-ari	denotes agreeing with or fit for	reglari regular	populari popular	ordinari ordinary
-osi	denotes having, especially in large quantity	porosi porous	kurajosi courageous	danjerosi dangerous
-isi	denotes a very high degree	grandisi enormous	varmisi hot	belisi gorgeous
-iv(i)	denotes doing naturally or capable of doing	instruktiv instructive	sugestiv suggestive	atraktiv attractive
-asi	denotes having the tendency or inclination to	disputasi quarrelsome	laborasi hard-working	atakasi combative
-bli	denotes what is susceptible to the verb (English -ble)	lektebli readable	explikabli explicable	audibli audible
-endi	denotes that must be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remains	lektendi that must be read	faendi compulsory	soluendi that must be solved, to be solved
-indi	denotes that deserves to be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remains	lektindi that is worth reading	fidindi trustworthy	preferindi preferable

Generali sufixes

-et-	diminutive suffix	riverete brook	varmeti lukewarm	rideta to smile
-on-	denotes greatness, quantity	pluvono heavy rain	ridona to guffaw	ridono guffaw
-ach-	denotes contempt	kavalacha nag	jurnalacharo the gutter press	kriacha to shriek

Nombrali sufixes

-anti	forms tens	duanti twenty	trianti thirty	otanti eighty
-o	forms nouns from numerals	duo duo	trio trio	dekduo dozen
-esmi	forms ordinal numbers	unesmi first	duantesmi twentieth	sentesmi hundredth
-ime	forms fractions	duime a half	sixime a sixth	sentime a hundredth
-opli	multiplying suffix	duopli double	triopli triple	multopli multiple
-opim	forms distributive adverbs	triopim in threes	pokopim little by little	gutopim in drops

Adverbial Sufixes

-tem	(from temp) denotes time	nultem never	irgitem any time, no matter when	ultem ever, any time
-foy	denotes time in repetition, occasion	dufoy twice	altrifoy another time, on another occasion	kelkifoy sometimes
-lok	denotes place	omnilok everywhere	nulilok nowhere	altrilok somewhere else
-kas	(from kasu) denotes case	omnikas in every case	irgikas anyway, in any case when	tikas in that case
-grad	denotes degree	altigrad to a high degree	kelkigrad to some extent, fairly	pokigrad to a small extent, slightly
-man	(from manere) denotes manner	omniman in every way	altriman in another way, differently	samiman in the same way
-m	(from -man-) forms adverbs	privatim privately	seperatim separately	spesialim specially

Korelatives

	question	demonstration	indefinite	universality	negation
person	que (-o, -a)	te (-o, -a)	kelke (-o, -a)	omnes	nule (-o, -a)
thing	quu	tu	kelku	omnus/omnes	nulu
quality	quali	tali
place	quilok/vor	tilok/dar	kelkilok	omnilok	nulilok
time	quitem/quand	titem/tand	kelkitem	omnitem/sempre	nulitem
amount	quantu	tantu	kelku	omnu	nulu
method	quiman/qualim/qualiman	timan/talim/taliman	kelkiman	omniman	nuliman
reason	quirez	tirez	kelkirez	omnirez	nulirez
ownership	quen/quun	ten/tun	kelken/kelkun	omnen/omnun	nulen/nulun

Literature

Lu non ha exista literature in Novial. Li maxim parte del textus in Novialiste did es debatos pri li lingue.

Otto Jespersen did tradukte Li Empereren novi vestes e on pove trova du chapritres tradukdet de Li Sorsiere de Oz, fat ye 2005.

Vicente Costalago publisat Mikri Antologie li 23 de june 2022.

KardonaBoske did tradukte Li Asne e li Farmere (Fable da Aesop) li 22 Oktober 2023.

Liste de libres:

• Novi Ekonomia Sosial, da J. Barral

Novialides

Novialide es projektes kel eforta plubonisa Novial.

Fro li komense, Novial ha es kritikat e li kreere e altri ha proba plubonisa li lingue.

Kelki novialides es:

• da li Novial Revisione Komite (a.k.k. "Grupe Novial", "Novial98")
• da James Chandler
• Novial Pro, da Marcos Franco
• Eurial, da B. Phillip Jonsson (nuli pagine; prega nunifikos per e-posto [request updates by emailing] eurial@geocities.com)
• da Jay Bowks
• Proyo, es li maxim developad novialide.
• Reformad Novial, da Vicente Costalago

Vida anke

• Un International Lingue (1928) Li original angli libre kun novial traduktione (in konstruktione).
• Novial Lexike (1930) Multilingual lexike de novial.
• Komparo inter Novial e Esperanto
• Komparo inter Novial e Ido

Bibliografia

• Auerbach, Siegfried. 1930. Pri nommediati derivatione in li internacional lingues en A Grammatical Miscellany to Otto Jespersen (on his seventiehn birthday) Levin + Munksgaard (Copenhague) / George Allen and Unwin (London).
• *Jacob, Henry. 1943. Otto Jespersen. His Work for an International Auxiliary Language. International Language (Ido) Society of Great Britain. [1] (en inglés)
• Jacob, Henry. 1947. Chapter IV Novial (1928) by Otto Jespersen en A Planned Auxiliary Language. [2] (en inglés)
• Jespersen, Otto. 1928. An International Language. Allen and Unwin, London. [3] (en inglés)
• Jespersen, Otto. 1930. Novial Lexique. Carl Winter's. Heidelberg. [4] (en inglés)
• Jespersen, Otto. 1934. Plubonisat novial, en Novialiste N° 1. [5] (en novial)
• Jespersen, Otto. 1937. Pri reformes in novial, en Novialiste N° 18 diciembre de 1937. [6] (en novial)

Externi linkes

• An International Language: Li 1928 libre da Jespersen kel introdukted novial.
• Novial Lexike: Novial en anglum, fransum e germanum lexike.
• Novial Wiki Book: Novial kursu por komenseres (anglim).
• Novial Discussion Group: Novial diskuse-grupe che Yahoo!
• Kurti deskriptione de 1928 Novial (anglim)
• Kurti deskriptione del 1930 version (anglim)
• Novial '98
• NOVIAL PRO: A short comparative description (anglim)
• Introdukte a Novial