TABLE 2.
Gene changes in psychiatric disease
| REFERENCES |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene symbol | Gene name | Statistically significant change | Initial publication | Confirmation |
| Schizophrenia | ||||
| UCHL1 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (Ubiquitin thiolesterase) | Decreased | Vawter,2001 | Middleton, 2002, Altar, 2005, RNA: Behan, 2008, protein |
| GAD1 | Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (67kDa) | Decreased | Mirnics, 2000; Guidotti, 2000 | Vawter, 2002; Straub, 2007; Addington, 2005; protein decrease, Hashimoto, 2005, 2008; Hashimoto and Lewis, 2006, Veldic 2008; but increased mRNA, Hakak, 2001 and protein, Knable, 2002 reported. Paulson et al 2003, rat cortex protein after MK-801 |
| IFITM3 | Interferon induced transmenbrane protein 3 | Increased | Arion, 2007; Saetre, 2007 | Shao, 2008; Saetre, 2007; Arion, 2007 for other assays |
| SERPINA3 | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A(alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 3 | Increased | Arion, 2007; Saetre, 2007 | Shao, 2008; Saetre, 2007; Arion, 2007 for other assays |
| MAG | Myelin associatedd glycoprotein | Decreased | Hakak,2001 | Aston, 2004 |
| MDH1 | Malate dehydrogenase 1 | Decreased | Hakak,2001 only increse reported; Vawter, 2002 | Shao, 2008, Vawter, 2004, Iwamoto, 2005, Middleton, 2002; Altar, 2005, MAD2 |
| RGS4 | Regulator of g protein signaling 4 | Decreased | Mirnics, 2001 | Arion, 2007; ISH In 3 cortical areas, Mirnics, 2001 |
| SYN2 | Synapsin II | Decreased | Mirnics, 2000; Vawter, 2002 | Mirnics, 2000, ISH; Lee, 2005; Saviouk, 2007 |
| TF | Transferrin | Decreased | Hakak, 2001 | Saetre, 2007, Arion, 2007, RNA; Behan, 2008 Prabakaran, 2004, protein |
| HINT1 | Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 | Decreased | Vawter, 2001, 2002, 2004, ISH. | Liu, In Press; Barbier, 2007, HINT 1 in basket neurons decreased in schizophrenia |
| GLUL | Glutamate-ammonia ligase | Shao, 2008 | Kim, 2007; Burbaeva, 2003; Prabakaran, 2004 | |
| GLS | Glutaminase, phosphate activated | Increased | Gluck, 2002 | Bruneau, 2005 |
| YWHAH | 14-3-3 protein eta | Decreased | Vawter, 2001 | Iwamoto, 2005; Middleton, 2005; Wong, 2003, genetic association with schizophrenia; DiGeorge syndrome. |
| YWHAB | 14-3-3 protein beta | Decreased | Middleton, 2005 | Iwamoto, 2005; Dean, 2007 haloperdiol increases |
| YWHAE | 14-3-3 protein epsilon | Decreased | Middleton, 2005 | Novikova, 2006; Middleton, 2005; Iwamoto, 2005 |
| YWHAG | 14-3-3 protein eta | Decreased | Middleton, 2005 | Iwamoto, 2005 |
| YWHAQ | 14-3-3 protein theta | Decreased | Middleton, 2005 | Iwamoto, 2005 |
| YWHAZ | 14-3-3 protein zeta | Decreased | Vawter, 2001 | Middleton, 2005; Iwamoto, 2005 |
| BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Decreased | Weickert, 2003 protein and mRNA | Hashimoto, 2005, Weickert, 2005 |
| NTRK2 | Tropomyosin receptor related kinase 2, TrkB | Decreased | Hashimoto, 2005; Weickert, 2005 | Hashimoto, 2005, repicated TrkB & BDNF decrease in a second cohort |
| GRIA2 | Glutamate receptor, ionotrophic, AMPA 2 | Decreased | Mirnics, 2000; Vawter, 2002 | Beveridge, 2008 |
| ALDH7A1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1 | Increased | Pennington, 2007 | Shao, 2008 |
| VDAC1 | Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 | Decreased | Hakak, 2001, the only increase reported | Iwamoto, 2005, Altar, 2005, RNA; Behan, 2008, Prabakaran, 2004, protein |
| GAP43 | Growth-associated protein 43 | Decreased | Altar, 2005; Hakak, 2001, the only increase reported | Behan, 2008, Prabakaran, 2004, Knable, 2002, Chambers, 2005, protein |
| CALB1 | Calbindin 1 | Decreased | Altar, 2005 | Knable, 2002, protein |
| ENO1 | Alpha enolase | Decreased | Prabakaran, 2004 (protein) | Behan, 2008 |
| BASP1 | Brain acid soluble protein 1 | Increased | Prabakaran, 2004 (protein) | Behan, 2008 |
| PRDX2 | Peroxiredoxin-2 | Decreased | Prabakaran, 2004 (protein) | Behan, 2008 |
| ALDOC | Fructose biphosphate aldolase C | Decreased | Prabakaran, 2004 (protein) | Behan, 2008 |
| DPYSL2 | Dihydropyrimidinase related protein 2 | Decreased | Prabakaran, 2004 (protein) | Behan, 2008 |
| CHRM4 | Muscarinic 4 receptor | Decreased | Scarr 2007; Reversal of schizophrenia signature with muscarinic agonists | M1 agonism: antlpsychotlc properties in schizophrenia (Bymaster, 2002), Alzheimer’s (Bodick, 1997), and in monkey (Andersen, 2003) & rat (Stanhope, 2001) models. |
| Bipolar disease | ||||
| FGF2 | Fibroblast growth factor 2 | Increased | Shao, 2008; Nakatani, 2006 | |
| HINT1 | Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 | Decreased | Elashoff, 2007, meta-analysis | Wang, 2007; Barbier, 2007. KO mouse mania |
| ALDH7A1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1 | Increased | Shao, 2008 | Pennington, 2007 |
| YWHAQ | 14-3-3 protein theta | Decreased | Konradi, 2004 | Elashoff, 2007; Vawter, 2006 |
| YWHAZ | 14-3-3 protein zeta | Decreased | Elashoff, 2007 | Klempan, 2007 |
| YWHAE | 14-3-3 protein epsilon | Decreased | Sibille, 2004, suicide | McQuillin, 2007, increased by lithium |
| AGXT2L1 | Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 1 | Increased | Shao, 2008 | Kim, 2007, Sibille, 2004, decreased in suicides |
| AQP4 | Aquaporin 4 | Increased | Sibille, 2004, suicide | Reduced in rat brain by lithium McQuillin, 2007 and valporate Bosetti, 2005 |
| Major depressive disorder | ||||
| GLUL | Glutamate-ammonia ligase | Decreased | Choudary, 2005 | Vawter, 2006; Shao, 2008; Sibille, 2004, Kim, 2007 & Klempan, 2007, decreased in suicide |
| SLC1A2/EAA T2 | Astrocyte high-affinity glutamate trasporter | Decreased | Choudary, 2005 | Shao, 2008; Sibille, 2004 & Klempan, 2007, decreased in Suicide; Frizzo, 2004, mRNA and protein incsed by riluzole |
| AGXT2L1 | Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 1 | Decreased | Kim, 2007 and Sibille, 2004, suicide | McQuillin, 2007. lithium increases in rat brain |
| FGF1 | Fibroblast growth factor protein 1 (acidic) | Decreased | Evans, 2004; Sibille, 2004 | Aston, 2005; Tochigi, 2007 |
| FGF2 | Fibroblast growth factor protein 2 (basic) | Decreased | Evans, 2004; Sibille, 2004 | Aston, 2005; Gaughran, 2008; Tochigi, 2007 |
| FGFR1 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 | Increased | Gaughran, 2006; Tochigi, 2007 | Evans, 2004; Sibille, 2004; Aston, 2005; Tochigi, 2007 |
| FGFR2 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 | Increased | Evans, 2004; Sibille, 2004 | Aston, 2005; Tochigi, 2007 |
| FGFR3 | Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 | Increased | Yazlovitskaya, 2006, lithium increases | Evans, 2004; Sibille, 2004; Aston, 2005; Tochigi, 2007 |
| NCAM1 | Neural cell adhesion molecule | Decreased | Tochigi, 2007 | Sibille, 2004. MDD suicide pairs; Vawter, 2000, cleavage products increased in BPD |
| GPR37 | G protein-coupled receptor 37 endothelin receptor type B-like | Decreased | Aston, 2005 | Sibille, 2004. MDD suicide pairs. |
| GPRC5B | G proein-coupled receptor, family C, group 5, member B | Decreased | Aston, 2005 | Sibille, 2004, MDD suicide pairs. |
| DIMT1L | DIM1 dimethyladenosine transferase 1-like | Decreased | Aston, 2005 | Tochigi, 2007 |
| PRPF19 | PRP19/PSO4 pre-mRNA processing factor 19 homolog | Decreased | Aston, 2005 | Tochigi, 2007 |
| NTRK2 | Tropomyosin receptor related kinase 2, TrkB | Decreased | Dwivedi, 2003; trkB and BDNF decreases in suicide | Antidepressant effect of ICV BDNF in rats (Siuciak, 1997); rat ECS increases BDNF protein (Altar, 2001) and mRNA (Altar, 2005; Duman, 1997; others). TrkB activation required for antidepressant-induced behavioral effects (Saarelainen, 2003) |
| AQP4 | aquaporin4 | Increased | Iwamoto, 2005; Tochigi, 2007 | McQuillin,2007, Sibillie, 2004; Bosetti, 2005 (decreased by lithium and valproate) |