FIGURE 3.
IMQ induces autophagy by enhancing NO production via MEK-ERK1/2- and GSK-3β-mediated signaling. Raw264.7 cells were pretreated with U0136 (10 μM for 2 h), SB216763 (10 μM for 2 h), PD98059 (20 μM for 1 h) or wortmannin (2 μM for 1 h) before treatment with IMQ. (A) Western blots were performed with antibodies against LC3 or α-tubulin. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images; scale bar 5 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of the percentages of cells with LC3+ puncta at 24 h after IMQ treatment. Data are the means ± s.d. of three technical replicates and are representative of at least three independent experiments. Images are representative of at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance is indicated as **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns, not significant (p > 0.05).