Wikipédia

Mishpatim

Mishpatim (מִּשְׁפָּטִים—hebraico para "leis", a segunda palavra da parashah) é a décima oitava porção semanal da Torá (פָּרָשָׁה, parashah) no ciclo anual Judaico de leitura da Torá e o sexto no Livro do Êxodo. A parashah estabelece uma série de leis, a que alguns estudiosos chamam Código da Aliança. Relata a aceitação do povo da aliança com Deus. A parashah constitui o Êxodo 21:1–24:18. A parashah é composta por 5.313 letras hebraicas, 1.462 palavras hebraicas, 118 versículos e 185 linhas num rolo da Torá (סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה, Sefer Torá).[1]

Judeus lêem-no no décimo oitavo Sabá depois de Simchat Torá, geralmente em fevereiro ou, raramente, no final de janeiro.[2] Como a parashah estabelece algumas das leis da Páscoa, os judeus também lêem parte da parashah, Êxodo 22:24–23:19, como a leitura inicial da Torá para o segundo dia intermédio (חוֹל הַמּוֹעֵד, Chol HaMoed ) da Páscoa. Os judeus também lêem a primeira parte da parasha Ki Tisa , Êxodo 30:11-16, que diz respeito ao imposto individual de meio shekel , como uma leitura bíblica maftir no Shabat Shekalim especial , que muitas vezes cai no mesmo Shabat da parashah. Mishpatim (como acontece nos anos de 2013, 2015, 2017 e 2018).

Leitura adicional

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Antigo

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Bíblico

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  • Genesis 31:39 (domestic animals lost to wild animals).
  • Exodus 12:3–27, 43–49 (Passover); 13:6–10 (Passover); 34:22–26 (three pilgrim festivals).
  • Leviticus 23:4–43 (three pilgrim festivals); 25:8–10, 39–55.
  • Numbers 9:1–14 (Passover); 28:16–31 (Passover, Shavuot); 29:12–34 (Sukkot).
  • Deuteronomy 15:12–18 (Hebrew servant); 16:1–17 (three pilgrim festivals); 20:10–14; 21:10–14; 23:16–17 (Passover); 31:10–13 (Sukkot).
  • Joshua 5:10–11 (Passover).
  • Judges 21:19 (Sukkot).
  • 1 Kings 8:1–66 (Sukkot); 12:32 (northern feast like Sukkot).
  • 2 Kings 4:1–7.
  • Jeremiah 34:8–22.
  • Ezekiel 45:25 (Sukkot).
  • Amos 2:6.
  • Zechariah 14:16–19 (Sukkot).
  • Ezra 3:4 (Sukkot).
  • Nehemiah 5:1–13 (Hebrew slaves); 8:14–18 (Sukkot).
  • 2 Chronicles 5:3–14 (Sukkot); 7:8 (Sukkot); 8:12–13 (three Pilgrim festivals).

Não rabínico antigo

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  • John 7:1–53 (Sukkot).
  • Quran 2:275; 3:130. Arabia, 7th century. (Islam's parallel prohibition of interest, or riba).

Rabínico clássico

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  • Mishnah: Peah 8:9; Sheviit 1:1–10:9; Terumot 3:6–7; Challah 4:10; Bikkurim 1:1–3:12; Pesachim 1:1–10:9; Sukkah 1:1–5:8; Beitzah 1:1–5:7; Rosh Hashanah 2:9; Chagigah 1:1–3; Ketubot 3:2, 5:6; Sotah 3:8; Kiddushin 1:2–3; Bava Kamma 1:1–10:10; Bava Metzia 2:10, 3:12, 4:10, 5:11, 7:8–8:3; Sanhedrin 1:1, 4, 6, 7:6, 8:6, 9:1, 11:1; Avot 5:9; Zevachim 14:2; Chullin 8:4; Bekhorot 1:7, 8:7; Arakhin 3:1, 3–4; Zavim 2:3. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., Jacob Neusner, translator, The Mishnah: A New Translation, pages 36, 68–93, 99, 158, 166–75, 229–51, 279–99, 303, 328–29, 383, 388–89, 453, 487–88, 503–28, 533, 537, 540, 544, 548–51, 583–85, 598, 601–02, 607, 687, 730, 781, 790, 806, 812–13, 1111. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
  • Tosefta: Berakhot 4:15; 6:1; Sheviit 1:1–8:11; Terumot 7:8; Bikkurim 1:1–2:16; Shabbat 15:17; Pisha (Pesachim) 1:1–10:13; Shekalim 3:24; Sukkah 1:1–4:28; Beitzah (Yom Tov) 1:1–4:11; Chagigah 1:1; Ketubot 3:7; 12:2; Nedarim 2:6; Sotah 8:7; 11:6; Bava Kamma 1:1–11:18; Bava Metzia 2:25–26; 4:2; 7:9–8:1; 8:20–21; Sanhedrin 3:2, 7; 11:5, 9; 12:3; Makkot 2:1–3:10; Shevuot 3:8; 5:2; 6:1, 3; Eduyot 1:15; Avodah Zarah 6:11; Zevachim 8:26; Chullin 8:11; Arakhin 2:10; 3:2; 5:9. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 25, 37, 178, 203–49, 345–53, 418, 471–522, 538, 567–84, 594, 663, 752, 778, 789, 870, 879; volume 2, pages 951–1022, 1033, 1044, 1063–66, 1071–72, 1150, 1153–54, 1183–85, 1202–08, 1233–34, 1236, 1240–41, 1250, 1285, 1347, 1397, 1499, 1501, 1514. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.
  • Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 39a, 60a, 72b, 88a; Peah 3a, 6b, 41b, 47b, 49a, 57b, 73a; Demai 28a; Sheviit 1a–87b; Terumot 29b, 31a, 61a, 75b, 101b; Maaser Sheni 38a; Challah 47b, 48b; Orlah 33b–34b; Bikkurim 1a–26b; Shabbat 1a–113b; Eruvin 28b, 52a; Pesachim 1a–86a; Yoma 2b; Sukkah 1a–33b; Beitzah 1a–49b; Rosh Hashanah 4a, 7b, 17a; Taanit 22b, 23b, 26a, 29a; Megillah 6a, 15b, 18b, 35a; Moed Katan 11b; Chagigah 1a–3a, 4a, 14b; Yevamot 12a, 43a, 58a–b, 69a; Ketubot 5b, 17a, 20b, 21b, 26b, 38b; Nedarim 12b; Nazir 25b–26b, 52a–53a; Sotah 19b–20a; Gittin 20b, 22a, 24b, 31b; Kiddushin 1a, 3a, 5b–6b, 7b, 8b, 9b–11a, 16a, 21a; Bava Kamma 1a–40b; Bava Metzia 8b–12a, 16a, 23a, 27b–29a, 33a; Bava Batra 19a; Sanhedrin 1a–b, 3b, 9a, 10b, 22a, 26b, 27b–28a, 29b, 39a, 44a–b, 45b–46a, 49a, 50a, 51a, 54a, 57b–58b; Shevuot 34b–36a, 38a–b, 39b, 45a–46a, 46b; Avodah Zarah 1a, 11a, 15a, 33b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 1–4, 6b–8, 10–13, 16–19, 21–31, 33, 35–36, 38–48. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2020.
  • Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 58:1–80:2. Land of Israel, late 4th century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 105–250. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.
  • Midrash Tanhuma Mishpatim. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis, edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 1–100. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004.
 
Talmud

Medieval

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  • Exodus Rabbah 30:1–32:9. 10th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 346–413. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
 
Judah Halevi
  • Rashi on Exodus 21–24. Troyes, France, late 11th century. In, e.g., Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg. Rashi: The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated, volume 2, pages 247–317. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994.
  • Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 225–302. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
  • Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 2:14; 3:1, 35, 47; 4:3, 11. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 90, 135, 168, 175, 204, 217. New York: Schocken, 1964.
  • Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 447–530. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.
 
Maimonides
  • Maimonides. Mishneh Torah, Introduction, 1. Cairo, Egypt, 1170–1180.
  • Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 17–19, 28, 32, 34, 37, 51, 58–59, 64, 96, 160, 163, 221, 223, 277, 315, 317, 323, 333, 339–44, 347, 353, 371, 374–75, 387. New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
  • Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 517–74. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013.
 
Zohar
  • Naḥmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 338–433. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973.
  • The Zohar 2:94a–126a. Spain, late 13th century. In, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
  • Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1122–217. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003.
  • Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 755–811. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
  • Nissim of Gerona (The Ran). Derashos HaRan (Discourses of the Ran), discourse 4. Barcelona, Catalonia, 14th century. In, e.g., Yehuda Meir Keilson. Derashos HaRan: Discourses of the Ran, Rabbeinu Nissim ben Reuven of Gerona, Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Volume 1, pages 277–363. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2019.
  • Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 437–58. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2001.
  • Isaac Abravanel. Principles of Faith. Chapters 3, 5, 12, 17, 19. Naples, Italy, 1494. In, e.g., Isaac Abravanel. Principles of Faith (Rosh Amanah). Translated by Menachem Marc Kellner, pages 66, 76, 116, 118, 154, 171. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982.
  • Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 258–93. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.

Moderno

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  • Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1069–100. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.
  • Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. In, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 394–417. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997.
 
Saul Levi Morteira
  • Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 502–36. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000.
  • Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. In, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 97–163. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007.
  • Saul Levi Morteira. "The Land Shudders." Budapest, 1627. In Marc Saperstein. Exile in Amsterdam: Saul Levi Morteira's Sermons to a Congregation of "New Jews," pages 393–407. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2005.
 
Hobbes
  • Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 174–83. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004.
  • Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:40. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, page 503. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982.
 
Mendelssohn
  • Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 689–753. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999.
  • Moses Mendelssohn. Sefer Netivot Hashalom (The "Bi'ur," The Explanation). Berlin, 1780–1783. In Moses Mendelssohn: Writings on Judaism, Christianity, and the Bible. Edited Michah Gottlieb, pages 205–08. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2011.
 
Hirsch
 
Luzzatto
  • Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 769–847. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
  • Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
  • Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 111–16. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012.
 
Cohen
  • Hermann Cohen. Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by Leo Strauss, pages 125–27, 145, 154, 232, 348, 422, 431, 451. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Leipzig: de, 1919.
 
Wells
 
Mann
  • Thomas Mann. Joseph and His Brothers. Translated by John E. Woods, pages 305, 535–36. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Originally published as Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
  • Isaac Mendelsohn. "Slavery in the Ancient Near East." Biblical Archaeologist, volume 9 (1946): pages 74–88.
  • Isaac Mendelsohn. Slavery in the Ancient Near East. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949.
 
Heschel
  • Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997.
  • Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005.
  • Abraham Joshua Heschel. Man's Quest for God: Studies in Prayer and Symbolism, page 18. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954.
  • Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 30, 42. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007.
 
Cassuto
  • Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 255–316. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967.
  • Herbert B. Huffmon. "Exodus 23:4–5: A comparative Study." In A Light unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers. Edited by Howard N. Bream, Ralph D. Heim, and Carey A. Moore, pages 271–78. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.
  • Jacob Milgrom. "First fruits, OT." In The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Supp, volume, pages 336–37. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon, 1976.
  • Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 292–361. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
  • Jacob Milgrom. "'You Shall Not Boil a Kid in Its Mother's Milk': An archaeological myth destroyed." Bible Review, volume 1, number 3 (Fall 1985): pages 48–55.
  • David Kader. "Torts and Torah." (1986). Journal of Law & Religion, volume 4 (1986): pages 161, 164–167.
  • Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 75–79. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987.
  • Ben Zion Bergman. "A Question of Great Interest: May a Synagogue Issue Interest-Bearing Bonds?" New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 1988. YD 167:1.1988a. In Responsa: 1980–1990: The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement. Edited by David J. Fine, pages 319–23. New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2005.
  • Avram Israel Reisner. "Dissent: A Matter of Great Interest" New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 1988. YD 167:1.1988b. In Responsa: 1980–1990: The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement. Edited by David J. Fine, pages 324–28. New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2005.
  • Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, pages xx, 59, 100–01, 112, 148–49, 155, 157, 163. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990.
  • Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 51–60. New York: UAHC Press, 1991.
  • Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 117–55, 273–76. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
  • Lawrence Kushner. God Was in This Place and I, I Did Not Know: Finding Self, Spirituality and Ultimate Meaning, pages 32–33. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1993. (the Place).
  • Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 361–458. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010.
  • Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, pages 3–4. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
  • Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 855–83. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
  • Russell Fuller. "Exodus 21:22-23: The Miscarriage Interpretation and the Personhood of the Fetus." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, volume 37, number 2 (June 1994): pages 169–84.
  • Judith S. Antonelli. "Female Servitude." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 185–202. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995.
  • Hayim Lapin. "Early Rabbinic Civil Law and the Literature of the Second Temple Period." Jewish Studies Quarterly, volume 2, number 2 (1995): pages 149–83. (analysis of law of deposits in Exodus 22:6–14).
  • Hayim Lapin. Early Rabbinic Civil Law and the Social History of Roman Galilee: A Study of Mishnah Tractate Baba' Mesi'a'. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. (analysis of law of deposits in Exodus 22:6–14).
  • Jacob Milgrom. "'The Alien in Your Midst': Every nation has its ger: the permanent resident. The Torah commands us, first, not to oppress the ger, and then to befriend and love him." Bible Review, volume 11, number 6 (December 1995).
  • Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 121–29. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
  • Marc Gellman. "The Commandments on Moses' Sleeves." In God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, pages 60–67. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996.
 
Plaut
 
Ellenson
  • James A. Diamond. "Nachmanides and Rashi on the One Flesh of Conjugal Union: Lovemaking vs. Duty." Harvard Theological Review, volume 102, number 2 (April 2009): pages 193–224.
  • Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 496–568. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
  • David Ellenson. "Laws and Judgments as a "Bridge to a Better World": Parashat Mishpatim (Exodus 21:1–24:18)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer, pages 98–101. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
  • Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 107–11. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009.
  • Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33, number 4 (June 2009): pages 489–510.
  • Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 236–46. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009.
  • David P. Wright. Inventing God's Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
 
Sacks
 
Herzfeld
 
Kristof
 
Obama


Referências

  1. ↑ /shemoth-torah-stats/ «Estatísticas da Torá—Shemoth» Verifique valor |url= (ajuda). Akhlah Inc. Consultado em 28 de Março de 2013. com /tanach/torah/shemoth/shemoth-torah-stats/ Cópia arquivada em 21 de fevereiro de 2019 Verifique valor |archive-url= (ajuda) 
  2. ↑ «Parashat Mishpatim». Hebcal. Consultado em 23 de janeiro de 2018 
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