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. 2013 Oct;98(10):4055-62.
doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1279. Epub 2013 Jun 14.

Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth

Catherine Pihoker  1 , Lisa K Gilliam, Sian Ellard, Dana Dabelea, Cralen Davis, Lawrence M Dolan, Carla J Greenbaum, Giuseppina Imperatore, Jean M Lawrence, Santica M Marcovina, Elizabeth Mayer-Davis, Beatriz L Rodriguez, Andrea K Steck, Desmond E Williams, Andrew T Hattersley; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
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Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth

Catherine Pihoker et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Oct.

Abstract

Aims: Our study aims were to determine the frequency of MODY mutations (HNF1A, HNF4A, glucokinase) in a diverse population of youth with diabetes and to assess how well clinical features identify youth with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).

Methods: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study is a US multicenter, population-based study of youth with diabetes diagnosed at age younger than 20 years. We sequenced genomic DNA for mutations in the HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase genes in 586 participants enrolled in SEARCH between 2001 and 2006. Selection criteria included diabetes autoantibody negativity and fasting C-peptide levels of 0.8 ng/mL or greater.

Results: We identified a mutation in one of three MODY genes in 47 participants, or 8.0% of the tested sample, for a prevalence of at least 1.2% in the pediatric diabetes population. Of these, only 3 had a clinical diagnosis of MODY, and the majority was treated with insulin. Compared with the MODY-negative group, MODY-positive participants had lower FCP levels (2.2 ± 1.4 vs 3.2 ± 2.1 ng/mL, P < .01) and fewer type 2 diabetes-like metabolic features. Parental history of diabetes did not significantly differ between the 2 groups.

Conclusions/interpretation: In this systematic study of MODY in a large pediatric US diabetes cohort, unselected by referral pattern or family history, MODY was usually misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated with insulin. Although many type 2 diabetes-like metabolic features were less common in the mutation-positive group, no single characteristic identified all patients with mutations. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of MODY diagnosis, particularly in antibody-negative youth with diabetes.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Study sample, criteria used to select sample for screening for MODY, and MODY screening results. *, Reasons for not testing for HNF1A, HNF4A, or GCK included lack of consent for genetic testing, failed sequencing, and insufficient DNA sample; **, only 357 patients (61%) with A1c less than 75% were tested for GCK-MODY. MODY included HNF1A, HNF4A, and GCK. DAAs measured included glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 IA2.
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