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. 2015 Mar;85(2):175-83.
doi: 10.2319/022314-127.1. Epub 2014 Aug 6.

A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement with in situ-generated silver nanoparticles

Danna Mota Moreira  1 , James Oei, Henry Ralph Rawls, Jeffrey Wagner, Lianrui Chu, Yiming Li, Wu Zhang, Kyumin Whang
Affiliations

A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement with in situ-generated silver nanoparticles

Danna Mota Moreira et al. Angle Orthod. 2015 Mar.

Abstract

Objective: To develop an antimicrobial orthodontic band cement for the prevention of white spot lesions using a novel process that generates silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in situ.

Materials and methods: Twenty-seven groups of AgNP-loaded Opal Band Cement (OBC) and two control groups were formulated with varying concentrations of additional benzoyl peroxide (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 wt%) and 2,2-(p-Tolylimino) diethanol (0.5 or 1 wt%). Rockwell15T hardness and near-infrared FTIR were used to assess degree of cure, three-point bending was used to determine modulus and ultimate transverse strength (UTS), and Ag(+) ion release was measured for up to 4 months in vitro using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was tested in vitro by counting colony-forming units for up to 28 days. Biocompatibility was evaluated following ISO specifications 7405 (2008), 10993-3 (2003), 10993-5 (2009), and 10993-10 (2010).

Results: Most of the experimental groups had hardness, modulus, and UTS values similar to those of the control group. Ag(+) ion release was observed for all AgNP-loaded groups for up to 4 months. Increase in Ag loading increased Ag(+) ion release and in vitro antimicrobial effect. The biocompatibility of the optimal AgNP-loaded OBC was comparable to that of negative controls.

Conclusion: A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement was developed that has comparable mechanical properties to controls, controlled and sustained Ag(+) ion release, significant bacterial inhibition in vitro, and excellent biocompatibility.

Keywords: Antimicrobial agents/inhibitors; Cements; Dental materials; Silver nanoparticles.

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Figures

Figure 1. Rockwell15T hardness. OBC was harder than UTOBC. UTOBC with AgBz had lower hardness than UTOBC as a result of the in situ generation of AgNPs interfering with the polymerization. Most of the experimental groups had hardness values similar to that of UTOBC.
Figure 1.
Rockwell15T hardness. OBC was harder than UTOBC. UTOBC with AgBz had lower hardness than UTOBC as a result of the in situ generation of AgNPs interfering with the polymerization. Most of the experimental groups had hardness values similar to that of UTOBC.
Figure 2. NIR degree of conversion (DoC). UTOBC had higher DoC than did OBC. Addition of AgBz lowered DoC, but additional BPO and P-TIDE raised the DoC to similar levels of UTOBC.
Figure 2.
NIR degree of conversion (DoC). UTOBC had higher DoC than did OBC. Addition of AgBz lowered DoC, but additional BPO and P-TIDE raised the DoC to similar levels of UTOBC.
Figure 3. Modulus. OBC had the highest modulus. Increase in AgBz decreased modulus. However, additional BPO and P-TIDE increased modulus to comparable levels to that of UTOBC.
Figure 3.
Modulus. OBC had the highest modulus. Increase in AgBz decreased modulus. However, additional BPO and P-TIDE increased modulus to comparable levels to that of UTOBC.
Figure 4. Ultimate transverse strength (UTS). OBC had the highest UTS. The incorporation of AgBz decreased UTS. Additional BPO and P-TIDE increased UTS to comparable levels to that of UTOBC.
Figure 4.
Ultimate transverse strength (UTS). OBC had the highest UTS. The incorporation of AgBz decreased UTS. Additional BPO and P-TIDE increased UTS to comparable levels to that of UTOBC.
Figure 5. Cumulative Ag+ ion release of representative specimens for up to 4 months. Ag+ ion release was observed for all AgNP-loaded groups. The higher the Ag loading, the higher the Ag+ ion release.
Figure 5.
Cumulative Ag+ ion release of representative specimens for up to 4 months. Ag+ ion release was observed for all AgNP-loaded groups. The higher the Ag loading, the higher the Ag+ ion release.
Figure 6. Percent Streptococcus mutans inhibition for up to 28 days. The higher the AgBz concentration, the greater the antimicrobial effect. The 0.5 and 1 wt% AgBz samples had over 90% inhibition of S mutans.
Figure 6.
Percent Streptococcus mutans inhibition for up to 28 days. The higher the AgBz concentration, the greater the antimicrobial effect. The 0.5 and 1 wt% AgBz samples had over 90% inhibition of S mutans.
Figure 7. Percent Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibition for up to 28 days. Most of the AgNP-loaded groups significantly inhibited L acidophilus.
Figure 7.
Percent Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibition for up to 28 days. Most of the AgNP-loaded groups significantly inhibited L acidophilus.
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