Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2014 Aug 8;2014(8):CD003641.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4.

Surgery for weight loss in adults

Jill L Colquitt  1 , Karen Pickett, Emma Loveman, Geoff K Frampton
Affiliations
Review

Surgery for weight loss in adults

Jill L Colquitt et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009.

Objectives: To assess the effects of bariatric surgery for overweight and obesity, including the control of comorbidities.

Search methods: Studies were obtained from searches of numerous databases, supplemented with searches of reference lists and consultation with experts in obesity research. Date of last search was November 2013.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical interventions with non-surgical management of obesity or overweight or comparing different surgical procedures.

Data collection and analysis: Data were extracted by one review author and checked by a second review author. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and evaluated overall study quality utilising the GRADE instrument.

Main results: Twenty-two trials with 1798 participants were included; sample sizes ranged from 15 to 250. Most studies followed participants for 12, 24 or 36 months; the longest follow-up was 10 years. The risk of bias across all domains of most trials was uncertain; just one was judged to have adequate allocation concealment.All seven RCTs comparing surgery with non-surgical interventions found benefits of surgery on measures of weight change at one to two years follow-up. Improvements for some aspects of health-related quality of life (QoL) (two RCTs) and diabetes (five RCTs) were also found. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate. Five studies reported data on mortality, no deaths occurred. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in four studies and ranged from 0% to 37% in the surgery groups and 0% to 25% in the no surgery groups. Between 2% and 13% of participants required reoperations in the five studies that reported these data.Three RCTs found that laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (L)(RYGB) achieved significantly greater weight loss and body mass index (BMI) reduction up to five years after surgery compared with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Mean end-of-study BMI was lower following LRYGB compared with LAGB: mean difference (MD) -5.2 kg/m² (95% confidence interval (CI) -6.4 to -4.0; P < 0.00001; 265 participants; 3 trials; moderate quality evidence). Evidence for QoL and comorbidities was very low quality. The LRGYB procedure resulted in greater duration of hospitalisation in two RCTs (4/3.1 versus 2/1.5 days) and a greater number of late major complications (26.1% versus 11.6%) in one RCT. In one RCT the LAGB required high rates of reoperation for band removal (9 patients, 40.9%).Open RYGB, LRYGB and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) led to losses of weight and/or BMI but there was no consistent picture as to which procedure was better or worse in the seven included trials. MD was -0.2 kg/m² (95% CI -1.8 to 1.3); 353 participants; 6 trials; low quality evidence) in favour of LRYGB. No statistically significant differences in QoL were found (one RCT). Six RCTs reported mortality; one death occurred following LRYGB. SAEs were reported by one RCT and were higher in the LRYGB group (4.5%) than the LSG group (0.9%). Reoperations ranged from 6.7% to 24% in the LRYGB group and 3.3% to 34% in the LSG group. Effects on comorbidities, complications and additional surgical procedures were neutral, except gastro-oesophageal reflux disease improved following LRYGB (one RCT). One RCT of people with a BMI 25 to 35 and type 2 diabetes found laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass resulted in greater weight loss and improvement of diabetes compared with LSG, and had similar levels of complications.Two RCTs found that biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BDDS) resulted in greater weight loss than RYGB in morbidly obese patients. End-of-study mean BMI loss was greater following BDDS: MD -7.3 kg/m² (95% CI -9.3 to -5.4); P < 0.00001; 107 participants; 2 trials; moderate quality evidence). QoL was similar on most domains. In one study between 82% to 100% of participants with diabetes had a HbA1c of less than 5% three years after surgery. Reoperations were higher in the BDDS group (16.1% to 27.6%) than the LRYGB group (4.3% to 8.3%). One death occurred in the BDDS group.One RCT comparing laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy versus LRYGB found BMI, excess weight loss, and rates of remission of diabetes and hypertension were similar at 12 months follow-up (very low quality evidence). QoL, SAEs and reoperation rates were not reported. No deaths occurred in either group.One RCT comparing laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy (LISG) versus LAGB found greater improvement in weight-loss outcomes following LISG at three years follow-up (very low quality evidence). QoL, mortality and SAEs were not reported. Reoperations occurred in 20% of the LAGB group and in 10% of the LISG group.One RCT (unpublished) comparing laparoscopic gastric imbrication with LSG found no statistically significant difference in weight loss between groups (very low quality evidence). QoL and comorbidities were not reported. No deaths occurred. Two participants in the gastric imbrication group required reoperation.

Authors' conclusions: Surgery results in greater improvement in weight loss outcomes and weight associated comorbidities compared with non-surgical interventions, regardless of the type of procedures used. When compared with each other, certain procedures resulted in greater weight loss and improvements in comorbidities than others. Outcomes were similar between RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy, and both of these procedures had better outcomes than adjustable gastric banding. For people with very high BMI, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch resulted in greater weight loss than RYGB. Duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic RYGB had similar outcomes, however this is based on one small trial. Isolated sleeve gastrectomy led to better weight-loss outcomes than adjustable gastric banding after three years follow-up. This was based on one trial only. Weight-related outcomes were similar between laparoscopic gastric imbrication and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in one trial. Across all studies adverse event rates and reoperation rates were generally poorly reported. Most trials followed participants for only one or two years, therefore the long-term effects of surgery remain unclear.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JC: None known.

KP: None known.

EL: None known.

GF: None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary (blank cells indicate that the study did not report that particular outcome)
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph (blank cells indicate that the particular outcome was not investigated in some studies)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Surgery versus non‐surgery, Outcome 2 Mean BMI at study end.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Surgery versus non‐surgery, Outcome 5 Mean weight at study end.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Surgery versus non‐surgery, Outcome 7 Weight loss at study end.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Surgery versus non‐surgery, Outcome 9 Initial weight loss at study end.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Surgery versus non‐surgery, Outcome 11 % excess weight loss at study end.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, Outcome 2 Mean BMI at study end.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, Outcome 5 Excess weight loss at study end [%].
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Outcome 2 Mean BMI at study end.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Outcome 4 BMI reduction at 12 months.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Outcome 6 Mean weight at study end.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Outcome 8 Mean weight loss at 12 months.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Gastric bypass versus biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, Outcome 3 Mean BMI reduction at study end.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Gastric bypass versus biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, Outcome 5 Excess BMI loss at study end.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Aasheim 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aasheim ET, Bjorkman S, Sovik TT, Engstrom M, Hanvold SE, Mala T, et al. Vitamin status after bariatric surgery: a randomized study of gastric bypass and duodenal switch. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;90:15‐22. - PubMed
    1. Olsén MF, Wiklund M, Lönroth H, Olbers T. Respiratory function in superobese patients before and after bariatric surgery ‐ a randomised controlled trial. Open Obesity Journal 2012;4:28‐34.
    1. Sovik TT, Aasheim ET, Taha O, Engström M, Fagerland MW, Björkman S, et al. Weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life after gastric bypass and duodenal switch: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(5):281‐91. - PubMed
    1. Sovik TT, Karlsson J, Aasheim ET, Fagerland MW, Björkman S, Engström M, et al. Gastrointestinal function and eating behaviour after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2013;9(4):641‐7. - PubMed
    1. Sovik TT, Taha O, Aasheim ET, Engström M, Kristinsson J, Björkman S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic duodenal switch for superobesity. British Journal of Surgery 2010;97:160‐6. - PubMed
Angrisani 2007 {published data only}
    1. Angrisani A, Lorenzo M, Borrrelli V. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass: 5‐year results of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2007;3:127‐33. - PubMed
    1. Angrisani L, Cutulo PP, Formisano G, Nosso G, Vitolo G. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass: 10‐year results of a prospective randomised trial. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2013;9(3):405‐13. - PubMed
Demerdash 2013 {published data only}
    1. Demerdash HM, Sharara G, Katri K. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on the cardiovascular risk profile in morbidly obese subjects: The correlation with plasma apolipoprotein A‐IV concentration. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2013;49:17‐23.
Dixon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, Chapman L, Schachter LM, Skinner S, et al. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299(3):316‐23. - PubMed
Dixon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dixon J, Schachter L, O'Brien P, Jones K, Grima M, Lambert G, et al. Surgical versus conventional therapy for weight loss treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2012;10 Suppl 1:40‐1. - PubMed
    1. Dixon JB, Schachter LM, O'Brien PE, Jones K, Grima M, Lambert G, et al. Surgical vs conventional therapy for weight loss treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;308:1142‐9. - PubMed
    1. Dixon JB, Schachter LM, O'Brien PE, Jones KM, Grima MT, Brown WA, et al. Surgical versus conventional therapy for weight loss treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;185:A3854. - PubMed
Hedberg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hedberg J, .Sundbom M. Superior weight loss and lower HbA1c 3 years after duodenal switch compared with Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass‐‐a randomized controlled trial. Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases 2012;8:338‐43. - PubMed
Himpens 2006 {published data only}
    1. Himpens J, Dapri G, Cadiere GB. A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years. Obesity Surgery 2006;16(11):1450‐6. - PubMed
Ikramuddin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee W‐J, Connett JE, Inabnet WB, Billington CJ, et al. Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. JAMA 2013;309(21):2240‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Karamanakos 2008 {published data only}
    1. Karamanakos SN, Kehagias I, Argentou M, Alexandridis T, Kalfarentzos F. Is sleeve gastrectomy more effective than Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass? Results from a randomized clinical trial. Obesity Surgery 2011;21:956‐1156. - PubMed
    1. Karamanakos SN, Kehagias I, Argentou M, AlexandridisT, Kalfarentzos F. Is sleeve gastrectomy more effective than Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass? Results from a randomized clinical trial. Obesity Surgery 2011;21(8):959‐960. - PubMed
    1. Karamanakos SN, Vagenas K, Kalfarentzos F, Alexandrides TK. Weight loss, appetite suppression, and changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin and peptide‐YY levels after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. A prospective double blind study. Annals of Surgery 2008;247(3):401‐7. - PubMed
    1. Kehagias I, Karamanakos SN, Argentou M, Kalfarentzos F. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI <50 kg/m2. Obesity Surgery 2011;21:1650‐6. - PubMed
Keidar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hershkop KJ, Keidar A, schweiger C, Hecht L, Weiss R. Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass vs. sleeve gastrectomy for obese patients with Type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Diabetes 2012;Conference:A505. - PubMed
    1. Keidar A, Hershkop KJ, Marko L, Schweiger C, Hecht L, Bartov N, et al. Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy for obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised trial. Diabetologia 2013;56:1914‐8. - PubMed
Lee 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC, Chen JC, et al. Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Surgery Vol. 146, issue 2:143‐8. - PubMed
Liang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Liang Z, Wu Q, Chen B, Yu, P, Zhao H, Ouyang X. Effect of laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2013;101:50‐6. - PubMed
Mingrone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De GA, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, et al. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes.. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366:1577‐85. - PubMed
Nguyen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen NT, Slone JA, Nguyen X‐M, Hartman JS, Hoyt DB. A prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid obesity: Outcomes, quality of life, and costs.. Annals of Surgery 2009;250:631‐9. - PubMed
Nogués 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nogués X, Goday A, Pena MJ, Benaiges D, de RM, Crous X, et al. Bone mass loss after sleeve gastrectomy: A prospective comparative study with gastric bypassPerdida de masa osea tras gastrectomia tubular: Estudio prospectivo comparativo con el bypass gastrico.. Cirugia Espanola 2010;88:103‐9. - PubMed
    1. Ramon JM, Salvans S, Crous X, Puig S, Goday A, Benaiges D, et al. Effect of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy on glucose and gut hormones: a prospective randomised trial.. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2012;16:1116‐22. - PubMed
O'Brien 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dixon JB, Strauss BJ, Laurie C, O'Brien PE. Changes in body composition with weight loss: obese subjects randomized to surgical and medical programs. Obesity 2007;15(5):1187‐98. - PubMed
    1. O'Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C, Skinner S, Proietto J, McNeil J, et al. Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;144(9):625‐33. - PubMed
Paluszkiewicz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Paluszkiewicz R, Kalinowski P, Wroblewski T, Bartoszewicz Z, Biaolbrzeska‐Paluszkiewicz J, Ziarkiewicz‐Wroblewska B, et al. Prospective randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus open Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass for the management of patients with morbid obesity. Videosurgery and other miniinvasive techniques 2012;7:225‐32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Paluszkiewicz R, Kalinowski P, Wróblewski T, Bialobrzeska‐Paluszkiewicz J, Ziarkiewicz‐Wróblewska B, Remiszewski P, et al. Improvement of metabolic parameters after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) versus Roux‐En‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) ‐ Early results of a prospective randomized trial. Obesity Surgery 2011;21(8):983‐4.
Peterli 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gass M, Kern B, Peters T, Christoff‐Courtin C, Hendrickson P, Flue M, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve‐gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (LRYGB): mid‐term results of a prospective randomized trial. Obesity Surgery 2011;21:1109.
    1. Peterli R, Borbély Y, Kern B, Gass M, Peters T, Thurnheer M, et al. Early Results of the Swiss Multicentre Bypass Or Sleeve Study (SM‐BOSS): A prospective randomized trial comparing laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux‐Y‐Gastric Bypass. Annals of Surgery 2013;258(5):690‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Peterli R, Kern B, Peters T, Christoffel‐Courtin C, Hendrickson P, Fle M. Equal effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve‐gastrectomy (LSG)and laparoscopic Roux‐Y‐gastric bypass (LRYGB): mid‐term results of a prospective randomized trial. Obesity Surgery 2009;19(8):1046.
    1. Peterli R, Steinert RE, Woelnerhanssen B, Peters T, Christoffel‐Court, Gass M, et al. Metabolic and hormonal changes after laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized, prospective trial.. Obesity Surgery 2012;22:740‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Praveen Raj 2012 {published data only}
    1. Praveen Raj P, Kumaravel R, Chandramaliteeswaran C, Rajpandian S, Palanivelu C. Is laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve an effective alternative to Roux en Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Obesity Surgery 2012;22:422‐6. - PubMed
Schauer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kashyap SR, Bhatt DL, Wolski K, Watanabe RM, Abdul‐Ghani M, Abood B, et al. Metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in patients with moderate obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Analysis of a randomized control trial comparing surgery with intensive medical treatment. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2175‐82. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Malin SK, Samat A, Wolski K, Abood B, Pothier CE, Bhatt DL, et al. Improved acylated grehlin supression at 2 years in obese patients with type 2 duabetes: effects of bariatric surgery versus standard medical therapy. International Journal of Obesity in press. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo2013.196] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K, Brethauer SA, Kirwan JP, Pothier CE, et al. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(17):1567‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Sharma 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Narwaria M, Cottam D, Sharma S. Laparoscopic gastric imbrication versus sleeve gastrectomy ‐ a prospective single blind randomized trial. Obesity Surgery. 2011; Vol. 21:1017. - PubMed
    1. Sharma S, Narwaria M, Cottam DR. Randomized double blinded trial of laparoscopic gastric imbrication v laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at a single Indian institution. Unpublished manuscript provided by author. - PubMed
Vix 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vix M, Liu K‐H, Diana M, D'Urso A, Mutter D, Marescaux J. Impact of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy on vitamin D metabolism: short‐term results from a prospective randomized clinical trial. Surgical Endoscopy in press. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adams 2009 {published data only}
    1. Adams TD, Pendleton RC, Strong MB, Kolotkin RL, Walker JM, Litwin E, et al. Health outcomes of gastric bypass patients compared to nonsurgical, nonintervened severely obese. Obesity 2009;18(1):121‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Albanopoulos 2013 {published data only}
    1. Albanopoulos K, Tsamis D, Natoudi M, Memos N, Flessas I, Louizos A, et al. Laparoscopic gastric mini bypass vs. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for treatment of morbid obesity. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study. Obesity Surgery 2013;23(8):1138.
Angrisani 2009 {published data only}
    1. Angrisani L, Cutolo PP, Ciciriello MB, Vitolo G, Persico F, Lorenzo M, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with truncal vagotomy versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding alone: interim results of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases 2009;5(4):435‐8. - PubMed
Anon 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Anonymous. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for obesity. OR Manager 2011;27(5):15‐9. - PubMed
Arceo‐Olaiz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Arceo‐Olaiz R, Espana‐Gomez MN, Montalvo‐Hernandez J, Velazquez‐Fernandez D, Pantoja JP, Herrera MF. Maximal weight loss after banded and unbanded laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases 2008;4(4):507‐11. - PubMed
Bockelbrink 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bockelbrink A, Stoeber Y, Roll S, Vauth C, Willich SN, Greiner W. Evaluation of medical and health economic effectiveness of bariatric surgery (obesity surgery) versus conservative strategies in adult patients with morbid obesity. GMS Health Technology Assessment 2008;4:1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Bond 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bond DS, Phelan S, Leahey TM, Hill JO, Wing RR. Weight‐loss maintenance in successful weight losers: surgical vs non‐surgical methods. International Journal of Obesity 2009;33(1):173‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Bose 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bose M, Machineni S, Olivan B, Teixeira J, McGinty JJ, Bawa B, et al. Superior appetite hormone profile after equivalent weight loss by gastric bypass compared to gastric banding. Obesity 2010;18(6):1085‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Brimas 2013 {published data only}
    1. Brimas E, Brimas G. Gastroesophageal reflux disease after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in morbidly obese patients. Obesity Surgery 2013;23(8):1062‐3.
Buchwald 2009 {published data only}
    1. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta‐analysis. American Journal of Medicine 2009;122(3):248‐56. - PubMed
Bueter 2011a {published data only}
    1. Bueter M, Theis N, Werling M, Ashrafian H, Lowenstein C, Bloom SR, et al. Roux‐en‐y gastric bypass affects the preference for high fat food in rats and humans. Obesity Surgery 2011;Conference(var.pagings):1016.
Bueter 2011b {published data only}
    1. Bueter M, Olbers T, Lutz TA, Roux CW. Changes in hormones and energy expenditure after bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery 2011;Conference(var.pagings):8‐967.
Burguera 2011 {published data only}
    1. Burguera B, Tur J, Luque L, Alos M, Pagan A, Salinas R, et al. TRAMOMTANA (multidisciplinary treatment of morbid obesity: Behavioral therapy, nutritional support and physical activity). Obesity 2011;Conference(var.pagings):S117. - PubMed
Chronaiou 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chronaiou A, Tsoli M, Kehagias I, Leotsinidis M, Kalfarentzos F, Alexandrides TK. Lower ghrelin levels and exaggerated postprandial peptide‐YY, glucagon‐like peptide‐1, and insulin responses, after gastric fundus resection, in patients undergoing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass: a randomized clinical trial. Obesity Surgery 2012;22(11):1761‐70. - PubMed
Colquitt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Colquitt JL, Picot J, Loveman E, Clegg AJ. Surgery for obesity. [Review] [157 refs][Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD003641;PMID:16235331]. - PubMed
De Groot 2009 {published data only}
    1. Groot NL, Burgerhart JS, Meeberg PC, Vries DR, Smout AJPM, Siersema PD. Systematic review: the effects of conservative and surgical treatment for obesity on gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009;30(11‐12):1091‐102. - PubMed
Fredheim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fredheim JM, Rollheim J, Hjelmesaeth J. Effect of bariatric surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention on obstructive sleep apnea: A controlled clinical trial. Obesity Reviews 2011;Conference(var.pagings):207.
Fredheim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fredheim JM, Rollheim J, Sandbu R, Hofso D, Omland T, Roislien J, et al. Obstructive spleep apnea after weightloss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass and intensive lifestyle intervention. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2013;9(5):427‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Friedrich 2013 {published data only}
    1. Friedrich AE, Meile T, Damms‐Machado A, Kueper M, Kramer KM, Konigsrainer A, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastectomy on lipid profiles, inflammation markers and liver enzymes in obese patients. Clinical Nutrition. 2013; Vol. 31, issue 1:S106.
Frige' 2009 {published data only}
    1. Frige' F, Laneri M, Veronelli A, Folli F, Paganelli M, Vedani P, et al. Bariatric surgery in obesity: changes of glucose and lipid metabolism correlate with changes of fat mass. Nutrition Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 2009;19(3):198‐204. - PubMed
Gagner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gagner M. Laparoscopic BPD‐DS for weight regain and failure of treatment after proximal gastric bypass. Obesity Surgery 2011;Conference(var.pagings):8.
Garb 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garb J, Welch G, Zagarins S, Kuhn J, Romanelli J. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta‐analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obesity Surgery 2009;19(10):1447‐55. - PubMed
Gehrer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gehrer S, Kern B, Peters T, Christofiel‐Court, Peterli R. Fewer nutrient Deficiencies after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) than after Laparoscopic Roux‐Y‐gastric bypass (LRYGB)‐a prospective study. Obesity Surgery 2010;20(4):447‐53. - PubMed
Guelinckx 2009 {published data only}
    1. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Vansant G. Reproductive outcome after bariatric surgery: a critical review. Human Reproduction Update 2009;15(2):189‐201. - PubMed
Heindorff 1997 {published data only}
    1. Heindorff H, Hougaard K, Larsen PN. Laparscopic adjustable gastric band increases weight loss compared to dietary treatment: a randomized study (abstract). Obesity Surgery 1997;7:300‐1.
Hofso 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hofso D, Nordstrand N, Johnson LK, Karlsen TI, Hager H, Jenssen T, et al. Obesity‐related cardiovascular risk factors after weight loss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention. European Journal of Endocrinology 2010;163(5):735‐45. - PMC - PubMed
Hofso 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hofso D, Jenssen T, Bollerslev J, Ueland T, Godang K, Stumvoll M, et al. Beta cell function after weight loss: a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011;164(2):231‐238. - PMC - PubMed
Holty 2011 {published data only}
    1. Holty J‐E, Parimi N, Ballesteros M, Blackwell T, Cirangle PT, Jossart GH, et al. Does surgically induced weight loss improve daytime sleepiness?. Obesity Surgery 2011;21(10):1535‐45. - PubMed
Hussain 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hussain A, Mahmood H, El‐Hasani S. Can Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass provide a lifelong solution for diabetes mellitus?. Canadian Journal of Surgery 2009;52(6):E269‐E275. - PMC - PubMed
Inci 2011 {published data only}
    1. Inci K, Arkhammar SK, Lonroth H, Fandriks L, Kral JG. T2DM prevention by combining truncal vagotomy with gastric restriction compared to restriction alone: 22‐Yr follow‐up. Obesity 2011;Conference(var.pagings):S189.
Inge 2009 {published data only}
    1. Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, Helmrath M, Courcoulas A, Harmon CM, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mellitus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgical weight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics 2009;123(1):214‐22. - PubMed
Jonnalagadda 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jonnalagadda SS, Gupta N, Eagon JC, Bessler M, Mull LN, DiGiorgi M, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized, blinded, sham‐controlled trial of transoral gastroplasty for the treatment of morbid obesity. Gastroenterology 2012;142(5):S78.
Keating 2009 {published data only}
    1. Keating CL, Dixon JB, Moodie ML, Peeters A, Playfair J, O'Brien PE. Cost‐efficacy of surgically induced weight loss for the management of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32(4):580‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Kolotkin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD, Gress RE, Hunt SC, Adams TD. Two‐year changes in health‐related quality of life in gastric bypass patients compared with severely obese controls. Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases 2009;5(2):250‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Lancaster 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lancaster RT, Hutter MM. Bands and bypasses: 30‐day morbidity and mortality of bariatric surgical procedures as assessed by prospective, multi‐center, risk‐adjusted ACS‐NSQIP data. Surgical Endoscopy 2008;22(12):2554‐63. - PubMed
Lanzi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lanzi P, Noè D, Ventura P, Vitali T, Giuffrè M, Spiti R, et al. Outcomes of bariatric surgery: clinical benefits versus short‐term and long‐term complications. Nutritional Therapy & Metabolism 2011;29(3):124‐33.
Lee 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lee WJ. Laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y versus mini‐gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Annals of Surgery 2005;242(1):20‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2011b {published data only}
    1. Lee WJ, Chen CY, Chong K, Lee YC, Chen SC, Lee SD. Changes in postprandial gut hormones after metabolic surgery: a comparison of gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Surgery for Obesity & Related Diseases 2011;7(6):683‐90. - PubMed
Lewis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lewis K. Bariatric surgery significantly improves rates of diabetes resolution compared with medical therapy alone. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 2012;19(5):197‐200.
Lin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lin CH, Kurup S, Herrero P, Schechtman KB, Eagon JC, Klein S, et al. Myocardial oxygen consumption change predicts left ventricular relaxation improvement in obese humans after weight loss. Obesity 2011;19(9):1804‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Mummadi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, Sood GK. Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2008;6(12):1396‐402. - PubMed
Mundet 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mundet TX. Treatment of obesity by means of bariatric surgery not only reverts diabetes mellitus type 2, but also improves metabolic control. FMC Formacion Medica Continuada en Atencion Primaria 2008;15(9):623.
Nordstrand 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nordstrand N, Hofso D, Saltvedt E, Hjelmesaeth J. Nocturnal hypertension and systolic blood pressure dip in morbidly obese subjects: The effect of bariatric surgery and lifestyle intervention therapy. Obesity Reviews 2011;12(Suppl 1):38‐62.
Nordstrand 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nordstrand N, Hertel JK, Hofso D, Sandbu R, Saltvedt E, Roislien J, et al. A controlled clinical trial of the effect of gastric bypass surgery and intensive lifestyle intervention on nocturnal hypertension and the circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with morbid obesity. Surgery 2012;151(5):674‐80. - PubMed
O'Brien 2010 {published data only}
    1. O'Brien PE, Sawyer SM, Laurie C, Brown WA, Skinner S, Veit F, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in severely obese adolescents: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010;303(6):519‐526. - PubMed
O'Brien 2013 {published data only}
    1. O'Brien PE, Brennan L, Laurie C, Brown W. Intensive medical weight loss or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in the treatment of mild to moderate obesity: long‐term follow‐up of a prospective randomised trial. Obesity Surgery 2013;23(9):1345‐53. - PubMed
Oude 2009a {published data only}
    1. Oude LH, Baur L, Jansen H, Shrewsbury VA, O'Malley C, Stolk RP, et al. Interventions for treating obesity in children. [Review] [273 refs][Update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD001872;PMID:12917914].
Oude 2009b {published data only}
    1. Oude LH, Baur L, Jansen H, Shrewsbury VA, O'Malley C, Stolk RP, et al. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001872.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Papalazarou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Papalazarou A, Yannakoulia M, Kavouras SA, Komesidou V, Dimitriadis G, Papakonstantinou A, et al. Lifestyle intervention favourably affects weight loss and maintenance following obesity surgery. Obesity 2010;18(7):1348‐53. - PubMed
Picot 2009 {published data only}
    1. Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 2009;13(41):ix‐214. - PubMed
Pietri 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pietri P, Alessandro A, Mattia P, Lorenzis G. BMI‐EWL Trends, short and long‐term slippages in patients operated with the new‐HAGA LAGB (Heliogast system) for morbid obesity, according to four different techniques. Definitive results in a pilot prospective randomized study. Obesity Surgery 2012;22(9):1316‐7.
Pokala 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pokala S. Gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion increases remission from type 2 diabetes in obese adults. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012;157(2):JC1‐12. - PubMed
Pollock 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pollock RF, Muduma G, Valentine WJ. Evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus standard medical management in obese patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 2013;15(2):121‐9. - PubMed
Pontiroli 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pontiroli AE, Laneri M, Veronelli A, Frige F, Micheletto G, Folli F, et al. Biliary pancreatic diversion and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in morbid obesity: their long‐term effects on metabolic syndrome and on cardiovascular parameters. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2009;8:37. - PMC - PubMed
Praveen Raj 2012b {published data only}
    1. Praveen Raj P, Kumaravel R, Chandramaliteeswaran C, Vaithiswaran V, Palanivelu C. Laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy: preliminary results of a prospective series from India. Surgical Endoscopy 2012;26(3):688‐92. - PubMed
Rebecchi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rebecchi F, Rocchietto S, Giaccone C, Talha A, Morino M. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal motility in morbidly obese patients submitted to laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding or laparoscopic vertical banded gastroplasty. Surgical Endoscopy 2011;25(3):795‐803. - PubMed
Rico Hernandez 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rico Hernandez MA, Martinez SE, Armero FM, Diaz GJ, Calvo VI. Five‐year comparison of two techniques of bariatric surgery in patients with morbid obesity followed up in a nurse consultation. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2009;24(6):667‐75. - PubMed
Schouten 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schouten R, Rijs CS, Bouvy ND, Hameeteman W, Koek GH, Janssen IM, et al. A multicenter, randomized efficacy study of the EndoBarrier Gastrointestinal Liner for presurgical weight loss prior to bariatric surgery. Annals of Surgery 2010;251(2):236‐43. - PubMed
Schouten 2010b {published data only}
    1. Schouten R, Wiryasaputra DC, Dielen FMH, Gemert WG, Greve JWM. Long‐term results of bariatric restrictive procedures: A prospective study. Obesity Surgery 2010;20(12):1617‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Scozzari 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scozzari G, Farinella E, Bonnet G, Toppino M, Morino M. Laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding vs laparoscopic vertical banded gastroplasty in morbidly obese patients: long‐term results of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Obesity Surgery 2009;19(8):1108‐15. - PubMed
Sjostrom 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sjostrom L. Bariatric surgery and reduction in morbidity and mortality: experiences from the SOS study. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32 Suppl 7:S93‐S97. - PubMed
Sjostrom 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sjostrom L, Gummesson A, Sjostrom CD, Narbro K, Peltonen M, Wedel H, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncology 2009;10(7):653‐62. - PubMed
Skroubis 2013 {published data only}
    1. Skroubis G, Kouri N, Mead N, Kalfarentzos F. Long‐term results of a prospective comparison of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass versus a variant of biliopancreatic diversion in a non‐superobese population (BMI 35‐50 kg/m(2)). Obesity Surgery 2014;24:197‐204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1081-1] - DOI - PubMed
Tice 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tice JA, Karliner L, Walsh J, Petersen AJ, Feldman MD. Gastric banding or bypass? A systematic review comparing the two most popular bariatric procedures. American Journal of Medicine 2008;121(10):885‐93. - PubMed
Treadwell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Treadwell JR, Sun F, Schoelles K. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of bariatric surgery for pediatric obesity. Annals of Surgery 2008;248(5):763‐76. - PubMed
Varela 2011 {published data only}
    1. Varela JE. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment severe obesity in high risk patients. Jsls‐Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 2011;15(4):486‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Werling 2013 {published data only}
    1. Werling M, Fandriks L, Bjorklund P, Maleckas A, Brandberg J, Lonroth H, et al. Long‐term results of a randomized clinical trial comparing Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass with vertical banded gastroplasty. British Journal of Surgery 2013;100(2):222‐30. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Cesana 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cesana G, Uccelli M, Ciccaarese F, Castello G, Olmi S. Laparoscopic gastric plication versus sleeve gastrectomy, a randomised study. Obesity Surgery 2013;23(8):1024‐5.
Dadan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dadan J, Iwacewicz P, Hady HR, Myśliwiec P, Golaszewski P. Quality of life after chosen bariatric procedures basing on Baros. Obesity Surgery 2011;21:1090.
Darabi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Darabi S, Talebpour M. Laparoscopic gastric plication versus mini‐gastric bypass surgery in the treatment of morbid obesity: a randomized clinica trial. Obeisty Surgery 2013;23(8):1025‐6. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN 00786323 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN 00786323. BY‐BAND: Gastric BYpass or adjustable gastric BANDing surgery to treat morbid obesity: a multi‐centre randomised controlled trial ‐ The BY‐BAND Trial. http://public.ukcrn.org.uk/Search/StudyDetail.aspx?StudyID=11911 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT00432809 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00432809. Advanced medical therapy versus advanced medical therapy plus bariatric surgery for the resolution of Type 2 diabetes [Official Title: STAMPEDE: Surgical Therapy And Medications Potentially Eradicate Diabetes Efficiently]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00432809 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01047735 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01047735. The TRIABETES Study: A trial to compare surgical and medical treatments for Type 2 diabetes. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01047735 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01053130 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01053130. Weight loss interventions in obese patients with stages 3‐4 chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01053130 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01073020 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01073020. Surgery or Lifestyle with Intensive Medical Management in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (SLIMM‐T2D). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01073020 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01352403 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01352403. Severe obesity: Bariatric surgery vs. life‐style‐intervention (WAS). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01352403 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01486680 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01486680. Silastic ring gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese patients. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01486680 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01501201 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01501201. Comparison of gastric by‐pass and optimized medical treatment in obese diabetic patients (DIABSURG). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01501201 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01581801 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01581801. Bariatric surgery and reactive hypoglycaemia. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01581801 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01778738 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01778738. Type 2 diabetes after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass: a randomised single centre study (OSEBERG). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01778738 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01821508 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01821508. Clinical study on metabolic surgery compared to the best clinical treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01821508 (accessed 5 November 2013).
NCT01929850 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01929850. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy plus weight watchers vs. weight watchers alone in underserved minority women. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01929850 (accessed 5 November 2013).

Additional references

Avenell 2004
    1. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, Poobalan A, Aucott L, Stearns SC, et al. Systematic review of the long‐term effects and economic consequences oftreatments for obesity and implications for health improvement. Health Technology Assessment 2004; Vol. 8, issue 21. - PubMed
Avenell 2006
    1. Avenell A, Sattar N, Lean M. Management: Part I‐‐Behaviour change, diet, and activity. BMJ 2006;333(7571):740‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Buchwald 2005
    1. Buchwald H. Consensus conference statement bariatric surgery for morbid obesity: health implications for patients, health professionals, and third‐party payers. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases 2005;1(3):371‐81. - PubMed
Buchwald 2007
    1. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Sledge I. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Surgery 2007;142(4):621‐32. - PubMed
Chan 2013
    1. Chan C‐P, Wang B‐Y, Cheng C‐Y, Lin C‐H, Hsieh M‐C, Tsou J‐J, et al. Randomized controlled trials in bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery 2013;23:118‐30. - PubMed
Christensen 2007
    1. Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007;66(4):433‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Curioni 2006
    1. Curioni C, Andre C, Veras R. Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006062.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ferzli 2009
    1. Ferzli GS, Dominique E, Ciaglia M, Bluth MH, Gonzalez A, Fingerhit A. Clinical improvement after duodejejunal bypass for nonobese type 2 diabetes despite minimal improvement in glycemic homeostasis. World Journal of Surgery 2009;33(5):972‐9. - PubMed
Gloy 2013
    1. Gloy VL, Briel M, Bhatt DL, Kashyap SR, Schauer PR, Mingrone G, et al. Bariatric surgery versus non‐surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;347:f5934. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2002
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:1539‐58. - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011a
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2011b
    1. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. - PMC - PubMed
Kasama 2009
    1. Kasama K, Tagaya N, Kanehira E, Oshiro T, Seki Y, Kinouchi M, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenojejunal bypass: technique and preliminary results. Journal of Metabolic Surgery and Allied Care 2009;19(10):1341‐5. - PubMed
Kehagias 2011
    1. Kehagias I, Karamanakos SN, Argentou M, Kalfarentzos F. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for the management of patients with BMI<50 kg/m2. Obesity Surgery 2011;21:1650‐6. - PubMed
Kral 2006
    1. Kral John G. Management: Part III ‐ Surgery. BMJ 2006;333(7574):900‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Lean 2006
    1. Lean M, Finer N. Management: Part II ‐ Drugs. BMJ 2006;333(7572):794‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2007
    1. Lee CW, Kelly JJ, Wassef WY. Complications of bariatric surgery. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 2007;23(6):636‐43. - PubMed
Levy 2007
    1. Levy P, Fried M, Santini F, Finer N. The comparative effects of bariatric surgery on weight and type 2 diabetes. Obesity Surgery 2007;17(9):1248‐56. - PubMed
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):1‐28. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lobstein 2007
    1. Lobstein, T, Jackson Leach, R. International comparisons of obesity trends, determinants and responses. Evidence review. Foresight Tackling Obesities: Future Choices Vol. 2007, issue http://www.foresight.gov.uk.
Loveman 2011
    1. Loveman E, Frampton GK, Shepherd J, Picot J, Cooper K, Bryant J, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of long‐term weight management schemes for adults: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 2011;15(2):1‐182. - PMC - PubMed
Meijer 2011
    1. Meijer RI, Wagensveld BA, Siegert CE, Eringa EC, Serne EH, Smulders YM. Bariatric surgery as a novel treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review. Archives of Surgery 2011;146(6):744‐50. - PubMed
Moldovan 2011
    1. Moldovan AR, David D. Effect of obesity treatments on eating behavior: Psychosocial interventions versus surgical interventions. A systematic review. Eating Behaviors 2011;12:161‐7. - PubMed
Moshiri 2013
    1. Moshiri M, Osman S, Robinson TJ, Khandelwal S, Bhargava P, Rohrmann CA. Evolution of bariatric surgery: A historical perspective. American Journal of Roentgenology 2013;201(1):W40‐W48. - PubMed
NHS IC 2012
    1. The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Health Survey for England – 2011: Adult trend tables.. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?productid=10152&topics=2%2fPubli... 2012.
NICE 2006
    1. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obesity ‐ Guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children. Clinical Guideline. London: The Stationary Office, 2006; Vol. 43. - PubMed
O'Brien 2013b
    1. O’Brien PE, MacDonald L, Anderson M, Brennan L, Brown WA. Long‐term outcomes after bariatric surgery. Fifteen‐year follow‐up of adjustable gastric banding and a systematic review of the bariatric surgical literature. Annals of Surgery 2013;257(1):87‐94. - PubMed
Olsen 2012
    1. Olsen MF, Wiklund M, LOnroth H, Olbers T. Respiratory function in superobese patients before and after bariatric surgery‐ a randomised controlled trial. Open Obesity Journal 2012;4:28‐34.
Padwal 2011a
    1. Padwal R, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, Birch D, Karmali S, Manns B, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized trials. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:602‐21. - PubMed
Padwal 2011b
    1. Padwal R, Klarenbach S, Wiebe N, Hazel M, Birch D, Karmali S, Sharma, AM, Manns B, Tonelli M. Bariatric surgery: A systematic review of the clinical and economic evidence. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26(10):1183‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Paluszkiewicz 2011
    1. Paluszkiewicz R, Kalinowski P, Wroblewski T, Bialobrzeska‐Paluszkiewicz J, Ziarkiewicz‐Wroblewska B, Remiszewski P, et al. Improvement of metabolic parameters after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) versus Roux‐En‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) ‐ Early results of a prospective randomized trial. Obesity Surgery 2011;21(8):983‐4.
Poobalan 2007
    1. Poobalan AS. Long‐term weight loss effects on all cause mortality in overweight/obese populations. Obesity Reviews 2007;8(6):503‐13. - PubMed
Praveen Raj 2012c
    1. Praveen Raj P, Kumaravel R, Chandramaliteeswaran C, Vaithiswaran V, Palanivelu C. Laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy: preliminary results of a prospective series from India. Surgical Endoscopy 2012;26(3):688‐92. - PubMed
Ramon 2012
    1. Ramon JM, Salvans S, Crous X, Puig S, Goday A, Benaiges D, et al. Effect of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy on glucose and gut hormones: a prospective randomised trial. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2012;16:1116‐22. - PubMed
Sjöström 2013
    1. Sjöström L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial ‐ a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. Journal of Internal Medicine 2013;273(3):219‐34. - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002. - PubMed
Sturm 2013
    1. Sturm R, Hattori A. Morbid obesity rates continue to rise rapidly in the US. International Journal of Obesity 2013;37(6):889‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Søvik 2010
    1. Søvik TT, Taha O, Aasheim ET, Engström M, Kristinsson J, Björkman S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic duodenal switch for superobesity. British Journal of Surgery 2010;97:160‐6. - PubMed
Søvik 2011
    1. Søvik TT, Aasheim ET, Taha O, Engström M, Fagerland MW, Björkman S, Kristinsson J, Birkeland KI, Mala T, Olbers T. Weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life after gastric bypass and duodenal switch: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155:281‐291. - PubMed
WHO 2000
    1. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 2000; Vol. 894. - PubMed
WHO 2004
    1. World Health Organization. Appropriate body‐mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet 2004;363:157‐63. - PubMed
WHO 2006
    1. World Health Organization. Overweight and Obesity. Factsheet no.311. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html September 2006.
Wood 2008
    1. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz KF, Juni P, Altman DG, et al. Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta‐epidemiological study. BMJ 2008;336(7644):601‐5. - PMC - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Clegg 2002
    1. Clegg AJ, Colquitt J, Sidhu MK, Royle P, Loveman E, Walker A. The clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of surgery for people with morbid obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 2002; Vol. 6, issue 12. - PubMed
Clegg 2003
    1. Clegg A, Colquitt J, Sidhu M, Royle P, Walker A. Clinical and cost effectiveness of surgery for morbid obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. International Journal of Obesity 2003;27:1167‐77. - PubMed
Colquitt 2003
    1. Colquitt J, Clegg A, Sidhu M, Royle P. Surgery for morbid obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003641] - DOI - PubMed
Colquitt 2005
    1. Colquitt J, Clegg A, Loveman E, Royle P, Sidhu MK. Surgery for morbid obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Colquitt 2009
    1. Colquitt JL, Picot J, Loveman E, Clegg AJ. Surgery for obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Picot 2009
    1. Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, et al. The clinical‐effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment 2009; Vol. 13, issue 41. - PubMed
  NODES
INTERN 12
twitter 2